Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER
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| 9868426956 | African National Congress | ANC; South African political party formed in 1912; strongly opposed to apartheid | 0 | |
| 9868426957 | apartheid | "separateness"; a series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa which was designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity; this system also reserved South Africa's resources for whites | 1 | |
| 9868426958 | Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini | lived from 1900 to 1989; religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran | 2 | |
| 9868426959 | Vladimir Lenin | the leader of the Russian Soviet Federation Socialist Republic and premier of the Soviet Union | 3 | |
| 9868426960 | Central Powers | one of the two warring factions in World War I; composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria | 4 | |
| 9868426961 | Charles de Gaulle | lived from 1890 to 1970; French general and statesman who led French forces in World War II; served as the president of France from 1959 to 1969 | 5 | |
| 9868426962 | Chiang Kai-shek | lived from 1887 to 1975; Chinese military officer who was leader of the Guomindang; fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Party came to power in China | 6 | |
| 9868426963 | Chinese Revolution | prolonged communist movement in China and lasted from 1946 to 1950; resulted in the communist takeover of mainland China | 7 | |
| 9868426964 | Cold War | a sustained state of political and military tension between members of NATO and members of the Warsaw Pact; dissolution of the Soviet Union was the end of this "conflict" | 8 | |
| 9868426965 | collectivization | also known as collective farming and communal farming; system in which the holdings of several farmers are run collectively as a unit; imposed by the government in the Soviet Union | 9 | |
| 9868426966 | command economy | planned economy; the economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency | 10 | |
| 9868426967 | containment | the United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad during the Cold War; a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam | 11 | |
| 9868426968 | Cuban missile crisis | a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States; Soviet missiles moved to Cuban soil in an agreement by Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev; U.S. responds by blockading Cuba; Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy reach an agreement in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba in return for an American promise not to invade Cuba | 12 | |
| 9868426969 | Cultural Revolution | also known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution; launched by Mao in the late 1960's; aimed to combat the capitalist tendencies he believed had penetrated even the highest ranks of the communist party itself; involved new policies to bring health care and education to the countryside and reinvigorate earlier efforts at rural industrialization under local control | 13 | |
| 9868426970 | decolonization | the process of the dissolution of colonial territories and the establishment of independent nations | 14 | |
| 9868426971 | Deng Xiaoping | lived from 1904 to 1997; successor to Mao Zedong; reformist who sought to incorporate The People's Republic of China into the world economy; dismantled collectivized farming, state enterprises given greater authority, welcomed foreign investment; crushed democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square |  | 15 |
| 9868426972 | environmentalism | ideology which regards the environmental concerns | 16 | |
| 9868426973 | European Economic Community | EEC; also known as the Common Market; founded in 1957; originally consisted of Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; expanded membership to almost all of Europe, including former communist states; renamed the European Union in 1994 | 17 | |
| 9868426974 | Fascism | political ideology which was intensely nationalistic; celebrated action and placed faith in charismatic leaders; and condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; adopted by Italy, Germany, and Japan in the years following World War I | 18 | |
| 9868426975 | Five Year Plan | Joseph Stalin's planned economy to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union | 19 | |
| 9868426976 | fundamentalism | ideology which demands strict adherence to orthodox theological doctrines | 20 | |
| 9868426977 | Gamel Abdel Nasser | lived from 1918 to 1970; second President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970; planned the overthrow of the monarchy and sought to nationalize the Suez Canal | 21 | |
| 9868426978 | UN General Assembly | one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions | 22 | |
| 9868426979 | genocide | the systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group | 23 | |
| 9868426980 | global warming | term which refers to the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system; viewed as a result of human emissions of greenhouse gases | 24 | |
| 9868426981 | globalization of democracy | the spread of democracy throughout the world | 25 | |
| 9868426982 | Great Depression | economic depression as a result of the crash of the American stock market; lasted from 1929 until World War II; causes drop in world trade, loss of investment, and businesses unable to make profit; countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products hard hit as the West consumed less; conditions resulting in the Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and social tensions | 26 | |
| 9868426983 | Great Leap Forward | lasted from 1958 to 1960; marked Mao's response to distortions of Chinese socialism; promoted smallscale industrialization in rural areas; tried to foster widespread and practical technological education for all rather than relying on a small elite of highly trained technical experts; envisioned an immediate transition to full communism in the "people's communes" rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition; massive famine which followed temporarily discredited Mao's radicalism | 27 | |
| 9868426984 | Great Purges | also known as the Terror; period of immense paranoia in the Soviet Union of the late 1930's in which communist members accused each other being corrupted by capitalist ideals; enveloped tens of thousands of prominent communists, including all of Lenin's top associates, and millions more of ordinary peoples; based on suspicious associations in the past, denunciations by colleagues, connections to foreign countries, or bad luck; such people were arrested in the middle of the night, then tried and sentenced to either death or long harsh years in remote labor camps known as gulags; close to 1 million peoples executed between 1936 and 1941; additional 4 to 5 million people sent to the gulag, where they were forced to work in horrendous conditions and died in appalling numbers | 28 | |
| 9868426985 | Green Revolution | a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world | 29 | |
| 9868426986 | Adolf Hitler | lived from 1889 to 1945; leader of the Nazi party in Germany; chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945 |  | 30 |
| 9868426987 | Ho Chi Minh | lived from 1890 to 1969; Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader; was prime minister (from 1945 to 1955) and president (from 1945 to 1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam |  | 31 |
| 9868426988 | Holocaust | the mass murder of approximately six million Jews during World War II; a program of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany; led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party | 32 | |
| 9868426989 | International Monetary Fund | IMF; established in 1944 by the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire; sought to promote market economies, free trade, and high growth rates | 33 | |
| 9868426990 | Indian National Congress | INC; organization established in 1885; gave expression to the idea of India as a single nation; played a major role in India's independence movement from British colonial rule | 34 | |
| 9868426991 | Islamic renewal | also referred to as Islamic revival; refers to a renewing of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s; sought greater religious piety and a growing adoption of Islamic culture | 35 | |
| 9868426992 | Jawaharlal Nehru | lived from 1889 to 1964; first Prime Minister of India and was a leading figure in the independence movement against British rule over India |  | 36 |
| 9868426993 | League of Arab States | a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia; formed in Cairo in 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; currently has 22 members | 37 | |
| 9868426994 | League of Nations | international peacekeeping organization founded as a result of the First World World; proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson; committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid the repetition of war | 38 | |
| 9868426995 | Mahatma Gandhi | lived from 1869 to 1948; leader of the Indian nationalist movement during British control over India; used nonviolent civil disobedience, such as hunger strikes | 39 | |
| 9868426996 | Mao Zedong | lived from 1893 to 1976; Chinese communist revolutionary and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment 1949 to his death in 1976 | 40 | |
| 9868426997 | Marshall Plan | plan which sought to rebuild and reshape devastated European economies; funneled Europe some $12 billion with numerous advisers and technicians; motivated by combination of humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties; required European nations to cooperate with one another | 41 | |
| 9868426998 | Mikhail Gorbachev | born in 1931; last general secretary of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991); passed reforms such as perestroika and policies such as glasnost which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union | 42 | |
| 9868426999 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | lived from 1876 to 1948; founder of Pakistan and the leader of the All-India Muslim League until Pakistan's independence | 43 | |
| 9868427000 | Benito Mussolini | lived from 1883 to 1945; leader of the Italian National Fascist Party; prime minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943 | 44 | |
| 9868427001 | Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | lived from 1881 to 1938; founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey; passed a series of reforms to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation | 45 | |
| 9868427002 | North American Free Trade Agreement | NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone | 46 | |
| 9868427003 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization | NATO; a military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949; alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe | 47 | |
| 9868427004 | Nazi Germany | the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party | 48 | |
| 9868427005 | Nelson Mandela | lived from 1918 to 2013; South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician; President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; served as President of the African National Congress from 1991 to 1997 | 49 | |
| 9868427006 | New Deal | a series of reforms proposed by United States President Woodrow Wilson; lasted from 1933 to 1942; experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar failures in the future; reflected the thinking of British economist John Maynard Keynes; argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate recessions and depressions; consisted of immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks) and long-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs | 50 | |
| 9868427007 | non-governmental organization | NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business | 51 | |
| 9868427008 | Nikita Khrushchev | lived from 1894 to 1971; leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union and backing of the Soviet space program | 52 | |
| 9868427009 | Osama bin Laden | lived from 1957 to 2011; Islamic militant who was the leader of the terrorist group al-Qaeda; mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks; played a key role in the US-backed effort to aid mujaheddin who fought Soviet forces in Afghanistan | 53 | |
| 9868427010 | al-Qaeda | "the base"; terrorist organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden; behind the 9/11 attacks | 54 | |
| 9868427011 | Palestinian Liberation Organization | PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine | 55 | |
| 9868427012 | Pan-Arabism | an ideology proposing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World | 56 | |
| 9868427013 | Pan-Africanism | an ideology which encourages the unity of Africans worldwide | 57 | |
| 9868427014 | ebola epidemic | an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; symptoms include fever, throat and muscle pains, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths | 58 | |
| 9868427015 | influenza epidemic | an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history | 59 | |
| 9868427016 | perestroika | an economic program launched by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which freed state enterprises from government regulation, permitted small-scale private businesses, offered opportunities for private farming, and welcomed foreign investment in joint enterprises | 60 | |
| 9868427017 | glasnost | a Soviet policy established by Mikhail Gorbachev which permitted cultural and intellectual freedoms | 61 | |
| 9868427018 | 1917 Russian Revolution | a collective term for the series of revolutions in 1917 which ousted Tsar Nicholas II and the tsarist autocracy and replaced it with the communist Bolshiveks | 62 | |
| 9868427019 | UN Security Council | one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states | 63 | |
| 9868427020 | space race | lasted from 1955 to 1972; a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability; pioneered advancements such as artificial satellites, as well as manned and unmanned missions into outer space | 64 | |
| 9868427021 | sphere of influence | a concept in which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the sphere; examples include European "semi-colony" of China | 65 | |
| 9868427022 | Joseph Stalin | lived from 1878 to 1953; the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952; implemented a highly centralized command economy, which resulted in the transformation of Russian society from agrarian to industrialized; imprisoned millions in labor camps and deported many to remote areas; issued the Great Purges, in which hundreds of thousands, including many prominent communists, were executed | 66 | |
| 9868427023 | Third World | term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States | 67 | |
| 9868427024 | total war | war which requires the mobilization of each country's entire populations | 68 | |
| 9868427025 | transnational corporations | multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country | 69 | |
| 9868427026 | Treaty of Versailles | treaty which formally concluded the World War I in 1919; established the conditions for a World War II; Germany losses colonial empire and 15% of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the war; immense German resentment created from the treaty | 70 | |
| 9868427027 | trench warfare | type of warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery; resulted in enormous casualties while gaining or losing a few yards of ground during World War I | 71 | |
| 9868427028 | Truman Doctrine | an international relations policy set by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947; stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere; often referred to as the beginning of the US policy of containment | 72 | |
| 9868427029 | United Nations | organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity | 73 | |
| 9868427030 | Vietnam War | war which occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1956 to 1975; U.S. entered the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist, as a result of its containment policy; Soviet Union backed Northern Vietnamese forces in an attempt to spread communism to Southeast Asia; resulted in the unification of Vietnam under a communist government and the spread of communism to Cambodia and Laos | 74 | |
| 9868427031 | Weimar Republic | the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government after World War I; lasted until the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933; faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I | 75 | |
| 9868427032 | Winston Churchill | lived from 1874 to 1965; British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955 | 76 | |
| 9868427033 | weapon of mass destruction | WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land | 77 | |
| 9868427034 | Woodrow Wilson | lived from 1856 to 1924; 28th President of the United States (1913-1921); leader of the Progressive Movement; famous for his Fourteen Points, which sought to avoid another worldwide conflict | 78 | |
| 9868427035 | World Bank | a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty | 79 | |
| 9868427036 | World War I | war which lasted from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War; pitted the Allies (United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria); resulted in an Allied victory and Treaty of Versailles, which set the stage for another world war | 80 | |
| 9868427037 | World War II | war which lasted from 1939 to 1945; pitted the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, China and France) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy); resulted in an Allied victory, the creation of the United Nations, and set the stage for the Cold War | 81 | |
| 9868427038 | World Trade Organization | WTO; established in 1994 by the 123 members of GATT; took over GATT activities in 1995; developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes | 82 | |
| 9868427039 | Zionist Movement | the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel | 83 | |
| 9868427040 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. | 84 | |
| 9868427041 | nongovernmental organizations | Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International. | 85 | |
| 9868427042 | Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. | 86 | |
| 9868427043 | Salvador Allende | The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973. | 87 | |
| 9868427044 | NATO | An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security. | 88 | |
| 9868427045 | Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO | 89 |
