AP World History Period 6 Terms
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| 9363251408 | Archduke Francis(Franz) Ferdinand | He was the heir to the Austrian throne. Assassinated on June 28, 1914 in a trip to Sarajevo,Bosnia. He was assassinated by a Serbian man which sparked WW1. | 0 | |
| 9363251409 | Self-Determinism | Self-determination was the main contribution to the start of WW1. President Woodrow Wilson called for national independence from colonial rule before the Treaty of Versailles. This encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe. | 1 | |
| 9363256632 | Pan-Slavism | A 19th century nationalistic movement which emphasized the unity of all Slavic peoples, and sought to end foreign control of various Slavic nations. Caused Russia to help fight with Serbia. The main goal was to create the one Slavic state of Yugoslavia. | 2 | |
| 9363256633 | Triple alliance | The alliance that consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century. The triple alliance was apart of the European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. | 3 | |
| 9363259712 | Triple Entente | The best and coolest alliance of WW1. The alliance consited of Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century.Similar to the Triple alliance, the Triple Entente was apart of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. | 4 | |
| 9502474092 | Schlieffen plan | The Schlieffen was an idea given by Count Schlieffen in which the Germans would invade France using a wheel flanking procedure while the Russians would get mobilizing. The entire idea relied of Russia taking 6 weeks to mobilize. This plan failed because Germany has a poor infrastructure that lacked the ability to transport troops qickly. | 5 | |
| 9502495244 | Kaiser Wilhelm 11 | The Kaiser was a term that described the ruler. Wilhelm 11 was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. Wilhelm 11 wanted an aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe. Wilhelm 11 was responsible for dismissing Bismarck in 1890. He did not renew Bismarck's treaty with Russia and "Forced" Russia to look for another ally, France. | 6 | |
| 9502496861 | Czar Nicholas 11 | Nicholas the 11 was gthe last czar of Russia, and he abdicated in 1917. He was killed in 1918 along with his family. He was generally regarded as a decent man, however he was an extremely weak and ineffective leader. | 7 | |
| 9502496862 | western front | the Western FrontFront established in World War I; It was a line along the Belgium borders to Switzerland. Most battles in World War 1 were fought here. the Western Front was home to Trench Warfare, many stalemates, and lots of casualties. | 8 | |
| 9502499433 | Trench Warfare | Trench Warfare was a form of military conflict in which opposing sides fought one and other from trenches facing one and other. Mainly a strategy seen throughout the Great War. It was effective to an extent. The trenches would be home to disease and death. Trench Warfare was the cause of most stalemates in the Great War. | 9 | |
| 9502502432 | Statemate | A stalemate occurs when two countries who are fighting against each other and are equally strong so no one is winning. Stalemates were mainly present during World War 1 as a result of trench warfare. | 10 | |
| 9502504632 | no-mans-land | No mans land was a strip of land between the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1. The land would be filled with barbed wire, mines, and other killing devices. Walking into no mans land would have been a death trap as there would have been no cover so you couldve been killed much more easily. | 11 | |
| 9502630663 | Vladamir Lenin(did nothing wrong) | Vladamir Lenin the Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution in Russia in 1917. He would lead the Communists to victory in the Civil War and would rule until his death in 1924. Lenin believed that science and religion could not coexist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. | 12 | |
| 9502656481 | Bolsheviks | Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Although they were not the majority and actually received a terrible percentage of the Russian Congress vote, Lenin kept the name to create attraction and support. After the Russian Congress received the low voting, the Bolsheviks and Lenin took over and simply disregarded the Russian Congress from there on out. | 13 | |
| 9502682152 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Russia was beating themselves up during the war. Due to internal conflicts they had to exit the war in order to attend to their own conflicts. Their situation forced them the create a treaty with Germany called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The treaty sliced about a third of the Russians western territory away. This officially brought the end of the Russian empire. | 14 | |
| 9502682153 | Lusitania | The USS Lusitania was British cruise liner. During its voyage the ship had 100 american passengers on board. On its cruise it encountered a German U-Boat which sank the vessel. This sparked outraged in the United States. This was one of the many reasons the US joined the Great War. | 15 | |
| 9502765800 | Fourteen Points | The fourteen points were all written by President Woodrow Wilson. They were a doctrine that had ideas on how the world could achieve lasting world peace. |  | 16 |
| 9502691378 | Mustafa Kemal/Kemal Ataturk | Led the Turkish nationalist overthrow of the Ottoman sultan in 1922. He then became the president of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. To modernized Turkey, he separated Islamic laws from the nation's laws. He modeled the new legal system off of European law and also some U.S. law. Women had more right under his rule. They were allowed to vote and hold public office. Finally, Kemal's last reform was government-funded programs to industrialize Turkey and to bring about great economic growth. He died in 1938 known as Ataturk, "father of the Turks." | 17 | |
| 9502693269 | League of Nations | The League of Nations was an International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and coexistence however it was greatly weakened by United States not joining. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. It was ultimately a failure. Its successor was the United Nations which was much better. South Carolinas own Nikki Haley Serves as the United States Rep. We all in South Carolina love her and miss her. South Carolinian's also want our secondary roads fixed because they are horrible and damage our vehicles but that is a debate for another time. | 18 | |
| 9502694876 | USSR | Union of soviet socialists republics aka the USSR. This was the Russian federal system controlled by the communist party established in 1923. It was ruled by Vladimir Lenin in its early days. It held its own version of parliament which was communist of course, it was called the "Supreme Soviet". Me personally thats a really aggressive name, but what can I do. | 19 | |
| 9502694875 | Mandate System | The mandate system was an article in the covenant of the league of nations stated that colonies and territories needed assistance as they prepared for self-government and that more advanced nations would act as guides for the less experienced ones. The mandate system helped to establish mandates in former German colonies and in territories once belonging to the Ottoman Empire. | 20 | |
| 9502699315 | Treaty of Versailes | The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty that ultimately ended World War 1. It was drawn up by the Major Power's leaders at that time including England, France, The United States, etc. The document was signed on 28 June 1919. It demanded the limitation of the German military, forced Germany to pay 33 billion in reparations, stopped them from manufacturing weapons, prohibited them from mobilizing the Rhineland, and made the take blame for WW1. | 21 | |
| 9503261795 | Adolf Hitler | He legit didnt have a middle name. Adolf was born in Austria on April 20, 1889. He was a German politician. He became a true German Nationalist during WW1. Adolf Hitler led the National Socialist German Workers' Party(Nazi Party) during the 1920's. His ability to tell the people what they wanted to hear and his true intelligence helped him the gain power and become dictator of Germany. He was the Führer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. | 22 | |
| 9503273419 | Arnold Toynbee | Arnold Toynbee was an English historian. Arnold mainly focused his studies on the rise and fall of civilizations. While he studied he looked for cyclical patters. Arnold Toynbee is the guy who coined the term "industrial revolution". | 23 | |
| 9503272201 | Oswald Spengler | Oswald Spengler was a German High School Teacher who wrote decline of the west. Talked about how the West was going to taken over by the Asians. The book also shows his opinion of societies. and how the go through cycles of growth and decay. | 24 | |
| 9503273420 | Sigmund Freud | Sigmund Freud lived from 1856-1939. Sigmund Freud was a doctor(medical). Dr. Freud worked on psychological research rather than physiological explanations of mental disorders. His research helped him to identify a theory that the conscious an unconscious mental processes were always fighting with each other. | 25 | |
| 9503279605 | Werner Heisenberg | A German physicist that had a theory that electrons had no position and only had tendencies. This broke down newtons dependable laws to only probabilities. | 26 | |
| 9503275995 | Albert Einstein | Albert Einstein lived from 1879-1955. Albert Einstein was a German physicist. He transformed the world of science forever with his own theory of special relativity (1905). The theory of special relativity which stated that there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe. Albert Einstein also played a key role in the developments of the Manhattan Project. | 27 | |
| 9503279606 | Great Depression | The great depression started with the collapse of the US stock market in 1929 following WW1. The great depression was an international economic problem. It was caused by the collapse of agricultural prices in houses in the United States as well as western Europe, and a large unemployment rate. | 28 | |
| 9503282249 | New Deal | The "New DEal" was President Franklin Roosevelt's programs to counter the Great Depression. He built his entire campaign off of the new deal. The program enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy. THis would increase the states power to intervene in economic and personla affairs. | 29 | |
| 9503282250 | New Economic Policy | The New Economic Policy was a policy formed by Vladimir Lenin(1924) to aid in the rebuilding of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises to make way back into the economy . Later, Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P(1928) and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. | 30 | |
| 9503283773 | Trotsky | 31 | ||
| 9503283772 | Joseph Stalin | Successor to Lenin as head of the USSR. He died in 1953. He was head of the USSR during World War II, furthered cold war with western Europe and the United States. Stalin possessed a strong nationalist view of communism. He represented anti-Western strain of Russian tradition. Joseph Stalin established series of five-year plans to replace New Economic Policy. He encouraged agricultural collectivization. | 32 | |
| 9503283774 | Kulaks | Kulaks were the peasants that resisted Stalins collectivization. Kulaks would even destroy their own crops, buildings, and animals so that the USSR couldnt get them. They were hated by the government who arrested millions of them. | 33 | |
| 9503286193 | Five year plan | The Five Year Plan was introduced by Joseph Stalin to hopefully industrialize the Soviet Union beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel , machinery, electricity, as well as most other goods that were monitored by secret police. The plans helped to develop the Societ Union into a major power. | 34 | |
| 9503290566 | collectivization of agriculture | System in which private farms were eliminated, instead, the government owned all the land while the peasants worked on it. The collectivization in Russia was started by Joseph Stalin. It produced Kulaks which were the peasants who fought back against the collectivization. | 35 | |
| 9503292890 | The Great Purge | The Great Purge was a series of widespread arrests and executions of over a million. The event was Josef Stalin between 1936-1938. attempt to eliminate all opposition to Stalin's rule of the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin was a really uptight dude. | 36 | |
| 9503292891 | Facism | Facism is a political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s. Facism attacked the weaknesses of democracy, and the corruption of capitalism. Facism itself promised vigorous foreign and military programs. Facism undertook state control of the economy in order to reduce social friction. | 37 | |
| 9503294211 | Mussolini | Benito Mussolini was the founder of fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years. Almost all of that time was spent as dictator. He dreamed of building Italy into a great empire, but he led his nation to defeat in World War II (1939-1945) and was executed by his own people. | 38 | |
| 9503296477 | Nuremburg laws | The Nuremberg laws were placed by the Nazi regime. They placed severe restrictosn on Jews. The laws stopped jews from marrying non- Jews, practicing law or medicine or publishing books, attending universities or schools , and holding holding government jobs,. | 39 | |
| 9503298532 | Anti-Semitism | Anti-Semitism is the term that describes a prejudice towards Jews. The Nazi party had the biggest anti-Semitic views of the C.D. time period. Their prejudice towards Jews led to events such as Kristallnacht and the Holocaust. Anti-Semitic views pretty much died out after the falling of the Nazi party, however these views are still present in neo-nazis today. | 40 | |
| 9503300691 | Kristallnacht | Kristallnacht occurred on November,9th and 10th, 1938. It was a pogrom against Jews, throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria. Kristallnacht means the "night of broken glass". Jews were targeted and attacked savagely by Germans. All Jewish establishments were looted, destroyed, and glass was all over the streets(hence the name). A total of 1,000 synagogues burned, 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed/burned, 91 Jews murdered, and about 30,000 Jews were arrested. | 41 | |
| 9503302699 | Pogroms | Meaning "wreaking of havoc" in Russian, this was a massive violent attack on a particular ethnic or religious group with simultaneous destruction of their environment. One of the biggest Pogroms seen in history was Kristallnacht which targeted all Jews. Pogroms were a key thing to that assisted in the spreading of the persecution of Jews. | 42 | |
| 9508695794 | Indian National Congress | The Indian National Congress was a political party and a movement that was started/founded in 1885 to promote the Indian participation in government. The main social class present in the INC was the middle class. Gandhi started to rule over the INC in the 1920s. He became the ruler due to his ability to create mass protests demanding self government and independence, he also appealed to the lower class of Indians. | 43 | |
| 9508695795 | Muslim League | The Muslim League was a political organization founded in India in 1906 for the minority in response to the Indian National Congresses plea for independence. Ruling over the Muslim League was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He believed that certain regions of India where the majority of people were Muslim should be seperate from India as an independent state called Pakistan. His efforts led to the creation of Pakistan(legally) in 1947. | 44 | |
| 9508698115 | Mahatma(Mohandas) Gandhi | Mahatma Gandhi lived from 1869 to 1948. On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi,India. Gandhi was an Indian rights activist who led the independence movement against Britain. He became ruler of the Indian National Congress in 1920. He appealed to the poor, led non-violent movements, and he was jailed many times. He was killed attempting to stop a Hindu-Muslim riot. | 45 | |
| 9508694879 | Ahimsa/Satyagraha | Ahimsa is a Jainist principle, meaning nonviolence toward other living things or their souls. Monks in order to observe this, would have to do extreme stuff to stay away from people. Satyagraha "Truth and firmness," it is a term that Gandhi associated with the peaceful protests and boycotts against the British. Both of these strategies were used by Mahatma Gandhi in his fight. | 46 | |
| 9508690187 | Mao Zedong | Mao Zedong lived from 1893 to 1976. Mao Zedong more commonly known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese Communist revolutionary. Mao pushed for rural reform and the role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution. He was strongly influenced by a Communist activist named Li Dazhao. Mao Zedong gained control of all the Chinese mainland in 1949. After he acquired the mainland he initiated the Great Leap Forward(1958). | 47 | |
| 9508694194 | Muhammed ali Jinnah | Muhammed was born 1876 and died in 1948. He was the ruler and founder of the Muslim League. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a separate state called Pakistan. He ended up winning the argument and Pakistan was independent from Idnia in 1947. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was also the first President of Pakistan. | 48 | |
| 9508690188 | Guomindang | Guomindang was a Chinese Nationalist party which was founded bu Sun Yat-sen on August 25, 1912. The Guomindang party had been baised off of Democratic principles which mainly drew support from warlords native to China, as well as the Chinese criminal underworld. The party initially had an alliance with the Communists party in 1924. In 1925, the Guomindang party was overthrown by Jiang Jieshi who shifted the parties focus away from democratic principles and over to authoritarian principles. | 49 | |
| 9508693141 | Amritsar Massacre | On april 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, 10,000 Indian Nationalists were conducting a peaceful protest until General Reginald Dyer ordered his men(British soldiers) to shoot them all. His actions killed at least 379 and wounded 1,200 people. The Indian people interpreted these gestures as the British showing contempt for their colonial subjects. The period of gradual accommodation between the British and the Indians also came to a close. | 50 | |
| 9508691663 | Sun Yatsen | Sun Yat-sen was a Chinese nationalist revolutionary who lived from . He was the head of the Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing dynasty. He founded the Guomindang Chinese political party in 1912, and he ruled it until his death in 1925. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. | 51 | |
| 9508691664 | May 4th Movement | The May 4th movement was a cultural, anti-imperialist, and political movement originating in Beijing,China. A students were the main participants in the movement. On May 4th,1919 the students took to the streets protesting protesting against the governments response to Japan being given Chinese land through the Treaty of Versailles. The movement sparked many other national protests and causing a rise in Chinese Nationalism. Many political and social leaders of the next decades emerged at this time. | 52 | |
| 9508703120 | Jiang Jieshi | Jiang Jieshi was the General who succeeded Sun-Yet San in the Guomindang Chinese political party. Jiang was able to use his power in the Guomindang party to manipulate the Chinese Communist Party(CCP), then later turn on them. Jiang Jieshi had managed to bring about half of China under Guomindang rule, up until the Communist Revolution. | 53 | |
| 9508703129 | Mukden Incident | The Mukden Incident occurred in the city of Mukden on September 18, 1931, where so called "Chinese troops" attacked a Japanese railway. What makes this so important is that fact that the "Chinese" troops were fake and actually japanese troops in disguise. The Japanese government planned this fake attack in order to have a reason to invade China. This resulted in the invasion of Chinese Manchure by Japanese forces. | 54 | |
| 9508704546 | Jomo Kenyatta | Jomo Kenyatta was a nationalist leader who led a nonviolent nationalist party in Africa. Jomo fought to end oppressive laws against Africans. He organized the Kenya Africa Union. Jomo Kenyatta only rose to power after suppression of the Land Freedom Army. | 55 | |
| 9508704547 | Marcus Garvey | Marcus Garvey was an African American leader during the 1920s. Marcus founded the Universal Negro Improvement association in 1914. HE was also an advocate for mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. He was deported back to Jamaica in 1927 and later died in 1940. | 56 | |
| 9508705988 | Pan-Africanism | Pan-Africanism was a belief that all Africans should unite and be one large state without European rule. The unity of all the Africans would allow themselves to embrace their own culture and it would advocate an appreciation of African cultures, better education, and racial equality. The idea was mainly represented/sponsored by the Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. | 57 | |
| 9508707201 | Emiliano Zapata | Emiliano Zapata was a revolutionary and leader of the peasant groups in the Mexican revolution. He mobilized hobo peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to capture and spread the land of the wealthy Mexicans. THough was undefeated most of his life, Emiliano was defeated and assassinated. | 58 | |
| 9508708076 | Pancho Villa | Pancho Villa was a popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. Pancho was a born leader, so when the revolution started, he formed a army of cavalry in Northern Mexico. Pancho Villa fought for rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. Pancho was killed in 1923. | 59 | |
| 9508709248 | Diego Rivera | Diego Rivera was a Mexican artist, the painting kind. He lived from 1886-1957. He was one of the most popular artsists after the Mexican Revolution. Diego focused on creating murals. His murals focused on sending political messages. He worked in Mexico and the United States. | 60 | |
| 9508709255 | "dollar diplomacy" | The "dollar diplomacy" was the President Tafts attempt to gain more power in Latin America. President taft called the entire plan "dollars for bullets". His plan helped promote peaceful commerce instead of having the military come into action. It helped to gain the US economic power. The Latin American people called his plan "Yankee Imperialism". | 61 | |
| 9508711069 | "Good Neighbor Policy" | The "Good Neighbor Policy" was another idea from President Franklin Roosevelt. The intentions of the plan were to preserve relations within Latin American. Latin American police forces would be trained by United States marines in order to subdue civil unrest. | 62 | |
| 9508712996 | Cesar Sandino | Augusto Cesar Sandino hated the United States with a passion. He was a key figure in the opposition against the US. Cesar was a Nationalist and a liberal General. He rejected any and all peace settlements that would bring US troops(marines) onto Nicaraguan soil. | 63 | |
| 9508715881 | Juan Batista Somoza | Juan Batista Somoza was the President of Nicaragua from 1933 to 1936. He ordered the assassination of Augusto Sandino in February 1934. As time went by his popularity diminished. In 1936, Somoza used the National Guard to purge local officials loyal to the president and replace them with his associates. | 64 | |
| 9508716981 | President Cardenas | Lazaro Cardenas was the President of Mexico from 1934-1940. Lazaro Cardenas was responsible for redistribution of land throughout Mexico. He created community farms throughout Mexico as well. One of his greatest accomplishments was when he created programs the encouraged primary and rural education. | 65 | |
| 9508721040 | FDR | FDR is the initials for President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. FDR was the 32nd President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 which is huge because he is the only President in the United States history that has served more than two terms. He is most famous for his "New Deal" policy which helped to get the United States back up onto its feet during the Great Depression. It didnt bring us out of the depression, WWII did that. He has a really cool name. | 66 | |
| 9524302593 | Axis powers | The Axis powers consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The three powers formed their alliance in 1936. The Axis Powers fought against the Allied Powers in WW11. When the Axis Powers peaked they combined had control of large parts of Europe, parts of Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and some of Africa. They were all defeated in WW11 by the allied powers. | 67 | |
| 9524302594 | Allied powers | The Allied powers were Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union, and France. They fought against the Axis Powers in WW11. All the four Allies were victorious in WW11. After six years the defeated the Axis. The Allied Powers biggest accomplishments were creating the atom bomb, and winning the war. | 68 | |
| 9524305195 | Tripartite Pact | The Tripartite act was a document signed by Germany, Japan, and Italy. The document was signed in 1940. The Tripartite act stated that if one of the signers were to be attacked by the United States then the other countries would defend the signer and attack the United States. | 69 | |
| 9524307279 | Anschluss | Germany(Hitler) saw the German speaking country of Austria as being the Germans land. In 1938, the anschluss took place which was the union of Austria with Germany by Hitler. | 70 | |
| 9524310497 | Munich Conference | The Munich Conferance was a conferance hosted in Munich in 1938. The conference consisted European leaders like the British and the French, who attempted to appease Hitler by giving him Sudetenland. In exchange he would not gain more territory for Germany. | 71 | |
| 9529791193 | Warsaw Pact | The Warsaw pact was a defense treaty between the communist states of Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The treaty was signed on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw. The Soviet Union was the initiate for the pacts creation. | 72 | |
| 9529794413 | Blitzkrieg | Blitzkrieg was Germany's strategy throughout World War 11. Blitzkrieg is described as a conglomerate of tanks, infantry, air force, etc all swarming in on the enemy at once. Through constant motion, the blitzkrieg attempts to keep its enemy off-balance, making it difficult to respond effectively at any given point before the front has already moved on. | 73 | |
| 9529794414 | U-Boat | U-Boats are the Germans term for submarines. | 74 | |
| 9529797763 | Luftwaffe | The Luftwaffe was the German military's Air Force during World War 11. A large part of World War 11 occurred in the air with the Allies Air Force groups having to constantly fight the Luftwaffe. The Luftwaffe were the aggressor in the Battle of Britain. The battle occurred in 1940 over Britain, with Germany's main goal of using the Luftwaffe to gain air superiority over the British Royal Air Force(RAF). | 75 | |
| 9529807390 | Operation Barbarossa | Operation was the code name for the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany. The Invasion was initiated on June 22, 1941 and ended on December 5, 1941. The Germans deployed 4 million troops, 680,000 armored vehicles, and around 650,000 mounted troops on horseback. Operation Barbarossa is the biggest military invasion in history. The invasion might also be one of the biggest military failures in history. Although Nazis captured around 3.3 million POW's, the almost all the Nazi military by the end of the invasion was dying of starvation, dead due to the cold weather, or shot by the Red Army forces. The Germans made a bold move but bullies never prosper. @TheFBIandTrumpsLawyers | 76 | |
| 9529922877 | Non-Aggression Pact | The non-aggression pact was an agreement between Germany and Russia for peace. The pact was signed by foreign ministers from both parties in 1939. The agreement was that neither nation could attack each other and they both stated that they would peace if they entered a war with anybody else. Also that Germany and the Soviets could split Poland into two. Russia had to leave the war and sign the pact in order to deal with internal affairs such as the Bolshevik Revolution. The pact allowed Hitler to focus his attention on Europe thus allowing him to gain more power. While in the time of peace, Joseph Stalin built up his Soviet military in anticipation of the war to come. The pact was broken in 1941 when the Nazis initiated Operation Barbarossa and invaded Russia. | 77 | |
| 9539858312 | Battle of Stalingrad | Stalingrad, Russia is home to the Battle of Stalingrad. The battle was an unsuccessful attack on the city during World War ii. Germany's main motive to attack was to push further East into the Soviet union. The Germans were bamboozled by an unexpected Soviet counter-attack. The Soviets swooped in and destroyed Hitlers attacking armies killing roughly 2 million. This battle was a turning point in the war for the Soviet Army because it gave them the power to get off of the defensive and start moving troops to the West in the direction of Germany. He went to Stalingrad for the oil fields. | 78 | |
| 9539858362 | lend-lease program | The lend-lease program was a program under the United States originating in 1941. Lend lease is where the United States supplied allied nations with war supplies/material during WW11. In return for military bases in Bermuda, Britsh indies, and Newfoundland. Lend lease allowed the US to show support and aid the allies without actually having to join the war. Without the supplies the allied nations received from the US, they might have not won the war. The Lend lease program came to a screeching halt after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor as the United States was entering the war officially. | 79 | |
| 9539864900 | D-Day | D-Day is one of the most famous battles in history. On June 6th, 1944 allied forces(mainly US) led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, stormed the beaches of Normandy, France. The allies hit the 50 mile stretch of land in full force with roughly a million or so troops, 5,000 naval vessels, and 13,000 aircraft. D-Day caught the Nazis by surprise and they were crushed by the allies. This victory is one of the biggest turning points in the war because it allowed for the allies to gain a foothold in Europe. That very foothold gave them enough power to push west further into Europe to wreck havoc on the axis powers. | 80 | |
| 9539864901 | Wannsee Conference | The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of 13 German Nazi Party leaders to plan out 'the final solution'. The conference was held on January 20th,1942. Jews at the time were still targeted by the Germans, so they were the main theme of the conference. The end result of the conference was a finalized 'final solution' which sent almost every Jew in Germany to German occupied Poland where they would be working in concentration camps or just murdered. | 81 | |
| 9539868632 | Yalta Conference | The Yalta Conference was an event in Yalta, German where the Big Three(Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) met together. At the conference they discussed the war and what to do with Germany. The conference ended up with Russia declaring was on Germant and in return, FDR would give back territory lost in the Russo-Japanese war. | 82 | |
| 9539868633 | Potsdam Conference | The Potsdam Conference(aka Berlin conference) was one of the final meetings of the war, taking place in July of 1945. The Big Three(FDR,Churchill,Stalin) discussed the future of the world after the war, more specifically, Europe. Everything didnt go quite to plan because disagreements in the conference helped lead to the start of the Cold War. | 83 | |
| 9539871327 | Truman Doctrine | The Truman Doctrine was a foreign policy he started in 1947. President Truman initiated the doctrine due to the growing rate of communism in Europe. It offered military/financial aid to Turkey and Greece to resist the Soviet pressure of communism. The doctrine helped to stop Communism from spreading into Europe. | 84 | |
| 9539874876 | Marshall Plan | The Marshall Plan was a plan that the US drew up to revive the post-war economies in Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. The Marshall Plan helped to revitalize Europe. | 85 | |
| 9539874877 | NATO | NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was formed in 1949 as a military of alliance of the countries within Western Europe and North America. The alliance was created against the Soviet Union. The countries within NATO would defend one another if attacked by any other country. | 86 | |
| 9539878130 | Berlin Wall | The Berlin Wall often confused with the Iron Curtain(not actual wall) is a physical wall. The wall was built in 1961 by the Soviet Union. The really tall wall served as a barrier between the Communists East Berlin, and capitalist/democratic West Berlin. The intention of the wall was to stop refugees from fleeing from away from the communist east Berlin. The blocked thousands of people from escaping the ugly East. | 87 | |
| 9539878131 | Korean War | The Korean war was a conflict between North Korea(communist) and South Korea(non-communist). The Soviet Union backed North Korea, and NATO backed up South Korea. The North and South were split at the 39th Parallel. The NATO called upon multiple countries to fight, including the US who sent more troops and supplies to the South. The war had no real winner and ended with a Stalemate. The North and South are still at a stalemate today with no actual Treaty signed to end the conflict. | 88 | |
| 9539882330 | Bay of Pigs | The "Bay of Pigs" is a landing area on the South coast of Cuba where an American-organized invasion by Cuban exiles was defeated by Fidel Castro's military. The conflict lasted from April 17-20, in 1961. This was Kennedy's worst thing he did as President. The Bay of Pigs sparked outrage in Cuba. It sparked a blockade around Cuba and an end to the Cuban Missile Crisis. | 89 | |
| 9539885621 | Cuban Missile Crisis | The CMC was a test of the United States ability to fight. The US caught Soviet Missiles being brought into Cuba. Cuba was communist after being converted by Stalin. The United States attempted the Bay of Pigs but was horribly unsuccessful. Negotiations have not been attempted up until this time. The United States then creates a blockade around Cuba, which sparks negotiations. The end result was Russia removing missiles from Cuba and the US removing missiles from Turkey. | 90 | |
| 9617828651 | Jawaharlal Nehru | Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. He lived from 1889 to 1964. He was an old dude. He succeeded Gandhi as ruler of India. Jawaharala Nehru also played a key role in the negotiations between the British and the INC over colonial rule in India, which helped him to become India's first prime minister(1947-1964). | 91 | |
| 9617828652 | Bandung Conference | The Bandung Conference took place in Bandung, Indonesia. It was a conference in which 29 governments from Asia and Africa sent representatives to discuss peace, as well as the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic situations, and decolonization. The conference was an important step toward the Non-Aligned Movement. | 92 | |
| 9617832565 | Nonaligned movement | Non-Alignment refers to the international policy of a sovereign state according to which it does not align itself with any of the power. At the same time the state needs to actively participate in world affairs to promote collaboration and peace. The movement consisted of all countries that did not want to be involved in the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. All countries within the movement would assist each other in all ways to avoid participation in the Cold War. | 93 | |
| 9617832566 | Ho Chi Minh | Ho Chi Minh lived from 1890-1969. He was a Vietnamese leader who has contributed largely to the country. During WW1 he spent time in France with the French Communist Party. He returned to Vietnam in 1930 and created the Indochina Communist Party. During WW2 he took refuge in China. At the war's end, Ho Chi Minh's nationalist coalition, called the Viet Minh, fought the French with help from the People's Republic of China. He led communist to take North Vietnam splitting th country into two. This led to the Vietnam War. | 94 | |
| 9617836466 | Geneva Agreements | The Geneva agreements took place in 1954 at the Geneva Conference. The agreements created a settlement that ended the French Indochina war. French Indochina would be split into three, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Vietnam was divided into two at the 17th parallel. This allowed the Vietminh in the North to create a communist state which later led to the Vietnam. | 95 | |
| 9617836467 | Vietnam War | The Vietnam war was a very prolonged war in Vietnam that lasted from 1954 to 1975. The war was fought between the communist North Vietnam that were supported by China, and the non communist South Vietnam who got support from the United States. Guerrilla warfare was the main strategy in the war. Most conflicts took place in the Jungles. | 96 | |
| 9644953690 | Gamal Nasser | Gamal Abdul Nasser took into power in Egypt after a military coup de ta in 1952. He set in place multiple land reforms, and he used state resources to lower the unemployment rate. He kicked Britain out of the Suez Canal, which resulted in the Suez Crisis. He doesnt seem like a nice guy tbh. | 97 | |
| 9644957440 | Suez Crisis | Gamal Nasser decided to nationalize the Suez Canal. He did this in order to pay off the Aswan Dam as well as revenge against the British and the French. He hoped to raise the Egyptian profits 83 million a year. Britain, France, and Israel all three declared war on Egypt,however the US was not informed. The end of the war was a result of the Tripartite treaty. | 98 | |
| 9671380485 | FLN | The FLN aka the National Liberal Front, was a radical nationalist movement in Algeria. The movement was launched in the 1950s against France. They used guerilla warfare to fight. The success of the movement led to the Algerians independence from France in 1958. | 99 | |
| 9671381958 | Negritude | Negritude was a literary movement in France, which was promoted in the 1930s. Negritude focused on Africans being superior in ways compared to Europe. The movement was set to combat negative African stereotypes. It promoted African culture and proved that they werent trash. | 100 | |
| 9671381959 | Kwame Nkrumah | Kwame Nkrumah was a politician and activist from Ghana(1909-1972). He led non-violent protests along the "Gold Coast". He helped Ghana to gain its independence. He spent a good amount of his time supporting economic projects and pan-africanism. | 101 | |
| 9671385643 | Mau Mau Revolt | The revolt lasted from 1952 to 1956. The revolt was a result of anti-colonial militancy. The Mau Mau killed one British farmer and the British in return burned villages and killed thousands. The revolt itself was a failure however it helped lead to the independence of Kenya. | 102 | |
| 9671387495 | Apartheid | Apartheid are the laws that separate two different races into two diff. geographical areas. The apartheid of Africa lasted from 1950 to 1994. In South Africa these laws really added to the amounts of racial discrimination. Nelson Mandela helped lead fights to end the apartheid. | 103 | |
| 9671385644 | Nelson Mandela | Nelson Mandela was born in 1918. He was the 11th President of South Africa. Nelson Mandela was an activist who fought to end the apartheid. He spent 27 years in prison for conviction charges. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Mr. Mandela is also the center of attention for the phenomenon deemed the "Mandela Effect. | 104 | |
| 9671387496 | African National Congress | The African National Congress was an organization that was dedicated to obtaining civil rights and equal voting rights for the black inhabitants of South Africa. The AFC was founded in 1912 under the name of the South African Native National Congress until a name change in 1923. Eventually brought equality to South Africa. | 105 | |
| 9671389535 | Great Leap Forward | The "Great Leap Foward" was a policy set in stone by Mao Zedong. It was introduced in 1958. The plan proposed small-scale industrialization projects that would be integrated into the peasant communities. This was a gargantuan failure the ended in 1960 and led to economic disaster. | 106 | |
| 9671389536 | Cultural Revolution | This was a another beautiful movement by the all-knowing Mao Zedong. It was set to purge the Communist Party of all that opposed him. The revolution would also instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. | 107 | |
| 9671392099 | Deng Xiaoping | Deng Xiaoping is known as the "ultimate pragmatist".He was a communist leader who took power after Mao Zedong. Deng established economic reforms including the Four Modernizations, that improved the economy of China, and brought an end to Mao Zedongs weird form of Communism | 108 | |
| 9671392100 | Tiananmen Square | This is the location of a peaceful protest gone wrong. All protesters were massacred by Deng Xiaopings forces. The demonstrators refused to leave after being asked so the government sent in tanks, and lots of troops to remove them. | 109 | |
| 9671395188 | Indira Gandhi | Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru. NOT RELATED TO MOHANDAS GANDHI!!!. Indira was named a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party sometime around 1966. Indira was an astute politician.She was a central figure in Inidan politics. She had multiple sons who joined into politics after her. | 110 | |
| 9671395189 | Saddam Hussein | Saddam Hussein was tje President of Iraq from 1979. He was overthrown by the American-led invasion in 2003. Saddam waged war against Iran from 1980-1988. He invaded Kuwait in 1990 and was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991. | 111 | |
| 9671398359 | Juan and Eva Peron | Juan was the President of Argentina. He built up the industry and was popular among the poor. Eva Peron was his wife. She was a political figure who like Juan was popular with the poor. She worked to improve the poor peoples lives by funding hospitals and schools and creating other benefits. | 112 | |
| 9672122134 | Ronald Reagan | Untied States President from 1980-1988. He had populist ideas. He was apart of the McCarty Communist Scare. Ronald created Reagannomics and cut out some welfare and public works programs. He met with Mikail Gorbachev to help end the Cold War. | 113 | |
| 9672126408 | Mikhail Gorbachev | He gained power in the USSR and was ruler after 1985. Gorbachev renewed early principles set in stone by Stalin. Surprisingly he urged reduction in nuclear armament. He enacted policies of glasnost and perestroika. He negotiated with Ronald Reagan to help bring an end to the Cold War. | 114 | |
| 9672129226 | Solidarity | Solidarity was a Polish trade union created in 1980. Its sole purpose was to protest working conditions and political repression. Soldiarity began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. | 115 | |
| 9672129227 | Velvet Revolution | The Velvet Revolution led to the death of communism in 1989. It was able to oust Communist leader in just 10 days. The Revolution was able to grow due to massive demonstrations led by students, and intellectuals. | 116 | |
| 9705630074 | globalization | 117 | ||
| 9705632861 | WTO | The WTO is an international organization based in Geneva. The WTO monitors and enforces all rules of trade throughout the world. | 118 | |
| 9705635922 | European Union | The European Union is a International organization of European countries. The EU formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Unlike NAFTA, the EU has the common currency of the euro. | 119 | |
| 9705666339 | OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that inflates price of oil by limiting supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members. OPEC is what controls almost all of the worlds gas prices. | 120 | |
| 9705950141 | ASEAN | The ASEAN is a regional organization established in 1967. It included Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines.The ASEAN was designed to promote economic progress and stablility in politics. it later became a free-trade zone | 121 | |
| 9705950142 | AIDS | Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth. It was called the gay mans disease in the 90's. | 122 | |
| 9705951630 | Terrorism | The use of violence by non-governmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal by instilling fear and frightening governments into changing policies. Terrorism is disgusting and horrible. Acts of terrorism are seen still like isis, 9/11, bombings, etc. | 123 | |
| 9705973789 | 9/11 | A day that will long be remembered i our lives. 2 planes crashed into the twin towers, one into the pentagon, and one into a field. This really stirred things up. Al Qaeda claimed responsibility and the war on terror began. Al Qaeda can kiss my ______. | 124 | |
| 9705976473 | Taliban | The taliban are a strict Muslim group in Afghanistan that are scum. They impose rigid rules on society. They prescribe clothing styles for men and women, restrictions of the appearance of women in public, and regulations on media. The Taliban directly support terrorism and deserve a nothing but the worst punishment. | 125 | |
| 9705976474 | UN | The United Nations is an international body formed to bring nations together in hopes of keeping the peace and preventing World Wars. The UN is better than the League of Nations because the UN has Nikki Haley. The UN is also recognizes the Big 5 and their power. The UN is really cool and has a volunteer based military, plus Nikki Haley, how much better can it get? | 126 |
