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| 5521820483 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 0 | |
| 5521820484 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 1 | |
| 5521820485 | Theodora | The wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. | 2 | |
| 5521820486 | Vladimir of Kiev | Prince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity around 989. He ordered that his subjects convert, affirming the influence that Byzantine had on Russia. | 3 | |
| 5521820487 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 4 | |
| 5521909544 | Justinian's Code | A law code created by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian about 530 CE. It was a revision of the old Roman law system. | 5 | |
| 5521883311 | Eastern Orthodox Church | Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia | 6 | |
| 5521894715 | Russian Orthodox Church | The religion adopted by the Russian Princes in Kiev. Moscow will become known as the Third Rome, the cultural and religious guide of Christianity (after fall of Rome and Constantinople) | 7 | |
| 5521932884 | Patriarch of Constantinople | Head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, compared to the Pope is head of the Catholic Church. | 8 | |
| 5521915147 | Great Schism- 1054 C.E. (ch. 13) | split between Eastern and Western Christian Churches. Thus establishing the two branches of Christianity known as the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. | 9 | |
| 5521820488 | Caesaropapism | Emperor not only ruled as a secular lord but also played an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical (religious) affairs | 10 | |
| 5521820489 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. | 11 | |
| 5521820490 | Greek fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople | 12 | |
| 5521820491 | Theme System | Political and social reform that placed an imperial province under the jurisdiction of a general. It help strengthen the Byzantine Empire. | 13 | |
| 5521820492 | Iconoclasm | A religious controversy of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration. | 14 | |
| 5521876760 | Icons | During the Middle Ages, the two branches of Christianity drew farther apart. A dispute over the use of _____, or holy images, contributed to the split. Many Christians used images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints in their worship. | 15 | |
| 5521820493 | Crusades | A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 16 | |
| 5521820496 | Ottomans | Turks who had come to Anatolia and conquered Constantinople and changed the name to Istanbul. They converted to Islam | 17 | |
| 5521820497 | Cyrillic alphabet | an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages | 18 | |
| 5521820498 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. | 19 | |
| 5521975148 | Hajj | A pilgrimage to Mecca (one of the five pillars) | 20 | |
| 5521978664 | Hijra | Muhammad's flight (migration) from Mecca to Medina | 21 | |
| 5521980227 | Jihad | "struggle" against ignorance and unbelief by spreading the word of Islam | 22 | |
| 5521820499 | Muhammad | the Arab prophet from Mecca who founded Islam (570-632) | 23 | |
| 5522001530 | Islam | means "submission," signifying obedience to the rule and will of Allah. | 24 | |
| 5521997755 | Qur'an | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam | 25 | |
| 5521820500 | Ali | the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites | 26 | |
| 5521820501 | Allah | Muslim name for the one and only God | 27 | |
| 5521820502 | Dar al-Islam | an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule. | 28 | |
| 5521820503 | Umma | the community of all Muslims | 29 | |
| 5521820504 | Five Pillars of Islam | true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime | 30 | |
| 5521985815 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats. | 31 | |
| 5521993416 | Muslim | "One who has submitted"; followers of Islam | 32 | |
| 5521968412 | "People of the Book" | the name for Jews and Christians for whom the Muslims had religious tolerance; called this because each religion had a holy book with teachings similar to that of the Qur'an | 33 | |
| 5521820505 | Shari'ah | body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 34 | |
| 5521820508 | Shia | The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 35 | |
| 5521820506 | Caliph | "Successor to the Prophet"- the name of the supreme political and religious leader of Islam following the death of Muhammad. | 36 | |
| 5521820507 | Umayyad Caliphate | Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east. | 37 | |
| 5522003968 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 38 | |
| 5522016968 | Mosque | Muslim place of worship | 39 | |
| 5521820509 | Abbasid Caliphate | Dynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished; established capital in Baghdad | 40 | |
| 5521820510 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 41 | |
| 5521820511 | Caravanseria | an inn with a large outdoor area where caravans could stay | 42 | |
| 5521820512 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 43 | |
| 5521820513 | Hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah | 44 | |
| 5521820514 | Madrasas | Islamic schools | 45 | |
| 5521820515 | Sui Dynasty | (589-618 CE) The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 46 | |
| 5521820516 | Grand Canal | The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. | 47 | |
| 5521820517 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) Considered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia | 48 | |
| 5521820518 | Equal-field system | Agricultural reform favoring the peasants under the Tang dynasty in China, inheritance system where 1/5 of the land when to the peasant's descendants and the rest went to the government. | 49 | |
| 5521820519 | Bureaucracy of Merit | Bureaucracy chosen by civil service examinations based on Confucian education - no longer decided by family lineage | 50 | |
| 5521820520 | Middle Kingdom | refers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and earth. | 51 | |
| 5521820521 | Uighurs | Nomadic Turkish people who were hired by the Tang to defeat the rebellion of An Lushan, later sacked Chang'an and Luoyang. | 52 | |
| 5521820522 | Song Dynasty | (960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings | 53 | |
| 5522053044 | foot binding | Male imposed practice to mutilate a women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped confine women to the household; seen as beautiful to the elite | 54 | |
| 5522056309 | Chan Buddhism | a syncretic faith mixing Chinese characteristics with Buddhism. Became popular in China, but there remained a determined resistance against it from Daoists and Confucians. | 55 | |
| 5522059731 | flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 56 | |
| 5521820524 | Neo-Confucianism | The Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief. | 57 | |
| 5521820525 | Silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668. | 58 | |
| 5521820526 | Vietnam | Southeastern Asian country, called Nam Viet, successfully rebelled from China in 939. fell into chaos, stabilized after a series of long dynasties | 59 | |
| 5521820527 | Nara Japan | Japanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence. | 60 | |
| 5521820528 | Heian period | The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time. Moved away from Chinese culture | 61 | |
| 5522083442 | Medieval Japan | A middle era falling between the Heian period and the Tokugawa dynasty of the Modern Age. | 62 | |
| 5521820530 | Shogun | a hereditary military dictator of Japan (emperor was a symbolic head) | 63 | |
| 5522087079 | Japanese feudalism | Four class system laid down with marriage restrictions and to members of the same class. 1-emporer and shogun. 2- dayimo. 3- samurai 4- artisans, commoners, merchants | 64 | |
| 5522079286 | Shintoism | An ancient, indigenous religion native to Japan, characterized by veneration of nature spirits and ancestors and by a lack of formal dogma. | 65 | |
| 5521820531 | Samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy and pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land. | 66 | |
| 5521820532 | Bushido | The strict code of behavior followed by samurai warriors in Japan | 67 | |
| 5521820533 | Harsha | (r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne. | 68 | |
| 5521820534 | Mahmud of Ghazni (Ghaznavid Turks) | Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. | 69 | |
| 5521820535 | Sultanate of Delhi | Unstable kingdom in North India founded by the Ghaznavids. This invasion was more systematic than Mahmud's and after it succedded, the capital was established at Delhi. Raided south India. Established Islam in India. | 70 | |
| 5521820536 | Chola kingdom | Kingdom situated in the deep south. At its high point, Chola forces conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, funded by the profits of trade, dominated the sea, did not build a tightly centralized state. | 71 | |
| 5521820537 | Kingdom of Axum | Founded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, adopted Christianity, built an empire that included most of Ethiopia as well as Yemen in southern Arabia. | 72 | |
| 5522124683 | Indian Ocean Basin | The most important maritime trade network during the postclassical period. It involved trade between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. | 73 | |
| 5522127107 | Emporia | Port cities on the Indian Ocean known for thriving trade and cultural diffusion between merchants throughout the trade networ | 74 | |
| 5521820539 | Clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris; converted to Christianity | 75 | |
| 5521820540 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. | 76 | |
| 5521820541 | Charlemagne | Carolingian Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800 | 77 | |
| 5521820542 | Pope Gregory I | He protected the city of Rome and the church by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense; he reasserted papal supremacy and increased the role and importance of the church in people's lives | 78 | |
| 5521820543 | Franks | Group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis. | 79 | |
| 5521820545 | Magyars | descendants of nomadic peoples from Central Asia who had settled in Hungary. Raided settlements throughout Western Europe. | 80 | |
| 5521820546 | Vikings | Seafaring Scandinavian (Norse mariners) people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century. | 81 | |
| 5522184972 | System of Lords and Retainers | System used to protect lands and restore order in decentralized Europe. | 82 | |
| 5522195616 | Retainers | hired by Nobles (lords) to serve as soldiers in their private armies. In return, these soldiers received money and/or grants of land | 83 | |
| 5522210529 | Manors | large estate which served as the principal form of agricultural organization in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. | 84 | |
| 5522217826 | Serfs | Individuals who cultivated the lords land and lived on the Manor. The Serfs provided crops, taxes and other services in exchange for protection from the lord and use of the land. | 85 | |
| 5521820547 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 86 | |
| 5521820548 | Monasticism | A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith | 87 | |
| 5522217827 | Benedictine Rule | Set of regulations used to provide discipline and a sense of purpose to monastic communities | 88 | |
| 5522251685 | Venacular language | Common speech of the masses. As opposed to Latin, the language of the learned and the Catholic Church. | 89 | |
| 5522276536 | Steppes | Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military | 90 | |
| 5522290063 | Shamanism | 91 | ||
| 5522338244 | Saljuq Turks | Nomadic peoples from Central Asia who convert to Islam and conquer the Abbassid empire | 92 | |
| 5522347829 | Sultan | Leader of the Saljuq Turks | 93 | |
| 5522359937 | Chenggis (Ghengis) Khan | Established the Mongol Empire and is considered one of the greatest warriors of all time. Establishes a powerful army and conquers Northern China and Islamic rulers. | 94 | |
| 5522376281 | Khan | Mongol ruler | 95 | |
| 5522384904 | Khanate | four divisions of the Mongol world after death of Chenggis Khan - Golden Horde (Russia), Yuan Dynasty (China), Central Asia (Chagati), Persia (Ilkhans) | 96 | |
| 5521820549 | Khubilai Khan | Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294). Ruled the Mongol Empire from China and was the founder of the Yuan Empire in China after finishing off the Song Dynasty. | 97 | |
| 5521820550 | Tamerlane | A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests. His enemies called him "Prince of Destruction"; he subdued Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia and India. Samarkland was the capital of his empire | 98 | |
| 5521820551 | Osman | Known as the most successful warrior (ghazi), built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300-1326. Founder of the Ottoman Empire | 99 | |
| 5521820552 | Sultan Mehmed II | Ottoman ruler who sacked Constantinople, effectively ending the Byzantine empire. Renamed it Istanbul and then absorbed the lands of Byzantium. | 100 | |
| 5521820553 | Istanbul | Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople. | 101 | |
| 5521820554 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. | 102 | |
| 5521820555 | Yuan Dynasty | Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) | 103 | |
| 5521820578 | Black Death (Bubonic Plague) | The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century killing vast numbers of people. | 104 | |
| 5521820556 | Uighur Turks | Among the most important of Mongol allies; lived mostly in oasis cities along the silk road; were literate and often highly educated and worked as officials in the Mongol empires and boosted the Mongol army | 105 | |
| 5521820557 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture. | 106 | |
| 5522486783 | Bantu Migration | The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 | 107 | |
| 5521820558 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 108 | |
| 5521820559 | Kin-based society | Stateless, segmented societies. no elaborate hierarchies. This type of society was prominent in sub-Saharan Africa. | 109 | |
| 5522504265 | Age grades | Societies were grouped based on age and were required to perform tasks appropriate for levels of development. They often bonded with each other to form tight circles of friends and allies. | 110 | |
| 5521820560 | Kingdom of Kongo | Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century when Portuguese slave traders destroyed the kingdom. | 111 | |
| 5521820561 | Kingdom of Ghana | West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade. | 112 | |
| 5521820562 | Mali Empire | From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well. | 113 | |
| 5522479406 | Swahili States | Powerful city-states along east coast of Africa which rose up due to Indian Ocean Trade | 114 | |
| 5522498549 | The Great Zimbabwe | Kingdom of Central Africa which provided trade goods (gold, slaves, ivory) to the Swahili states | 115 | |
| 5521820563 | Swahili | A Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast | 116 | |
| 5521820564 | Axum | The Christian state in northern Ethiopia that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa. | 117 | |
| 5522427425 | Trans-Saharan Trade | Trade route from Indian Ocean to West Africa made possible by camels. Kingdom of Ghana traded gold, slaves, and ivory to Muslim merchants for salt, cloth, horses, etc. | 118 | |
| 5521820565 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. | 119 | |
| 5521820566 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 120 | |
| 5522532112 | Otto I | King of Northern Germany who was anointed by the Pope as emperor over the Holy Roman Empire. | 121 | |
| 5522534608 | Investiture Contest | Conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope over the policy of Lay investiture (appointment of church officials). The Pope will excommunicate the emperor and as a result, the emperor will relinquish his power to appoint clergy to the Pope. | 122 | |
| 5522532111 | Frederick Barbarossa | Holy Roman Emperor who attempted to expand the empire into the region of Lombardy in Northern Italy. The pope will organize a coalition forcing the emperor to relinquish his control of Lombardy. | 123 | |
| 5522534609 | The Normans | Descendants of the Vikings based in Normandy France. Norman ruler, William the Conqueror, will conquer and unify the Anglo-Saxons in England. | 124 | |
| 5522547580 | Capetian | Line of kings that helps restore a centralized government in France | 125 | |
| 5521820567 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 126 | |
| 5522659042 | Chivalry | An informal but widely recognized code of ethics and behavior considered appropriate for nobles in Middle Ages Europe. | 127 | |
| 5521820568 | Guilds | Established in the Middle Ages, a group of merchants or artisans in one trade or craft, organized to maintain standards of work and to protect the interests of members. Each _________ represented workers in one occupation such as weavers, bakers, brewers, sword makers, etc. | 128 | |
| 5521820569 | Reconquista | The Reconquering of Spain (Iberia) from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state. | 129 | |
| 5522555890 | Troubadours | a class of traveling poets, minstrels and entertainers who aristocratic women enthusiastically patronized (supported and financed) | 130 | |
| 5522557053 | Estates | The classes of European society (the Clergy, Nobles, and peasants) | 131 | |
| 5522559126 | sacraments | Holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings on the observants. The church recognized the seven sacraments including baptism, matrimony, penance and the Eucharist. | 132 | |
| 5522579924 | Saints | Human beings who had led such exemplary lives that God held them in special esteem. (example: the Virgin Mary) | 133 | |
| 5522559127 | Relics | includes various items such as clothes, locks of hair, teeth and bones of famous saints. | 134 | |
| 5522561198 | Dominicans and Franciscans | Movements designed to champion spiritual over material possessions. | 135 | |
| 5522566632 | Heresy | Any beliefs contrary to those of the Catholic Church. Popular heresy was organized by groups and movements opposed to the Catholic Church. These groups included the Waldensians and the Cathars. | 136 | |
| 5522566633 | The Crusades | A holy war launched by the Pope with the purpose of freeing the Holy Land from Muslim control. The various Crusades over a period of 200 years fails to reclaim the Holy Land. | 137 | |
| 5521820570 | Toltecs | Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. | 138 | |
| 5521820571 | Mexica | They migrated from the north, reaching the Valley of Mexico in the 1200s AD. The Aztecs were the most dominant group of the Mexica people. | 139 | |
| 5521820572 | Inca | A Mesoamerican civilization of South America, centered in Peru. They ruled a large empire and had many cultural and scientific achievements including an elaborate road system, architecture, and terrace farming. The arrival of the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire in the 15th century. | 140 | |
| 5521820573 | Chinampas | Floating islands of land anchored to a lake bottom used for agriculture. This technique was used by the Aztecs. | 141 | |
| 5521820574 | Quipu | Knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the Inca to keep financial records | 142 | |
| 5533763008 | Tenochtitlan | An ancient Aztec capital on the site of present-day Mexico City. Founded c. 1325, it was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521. | 143 | |
| 5533766134 | tribute system | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. | 144 | |
| 5533771132 | Andes | A large system of mountain ranges located along the Pacific coast of Central and South America | 145 | |
| 5533774191 | terraces | found in Inca and Aztec civilizations; A new form of agriculture in Aksum where stepped ridges constructed on mountain slopes help retain water and reduce erosion | 146 | |
| 5533777383 | Machu Pichu | a city built by the Inca people on a mountaintop in the Andes Mountains in present-day Peru--- Means "great peak" | 147 | |
| 5535153225 | bloodletting | the spilling of blood as a way to honor their gods (Texcatlipoca & Quetzalcoatl) and ensure productive agriculture | 148 | |
| 5535157809 | Mesoamerica | Present day Mexico and Central America | 149 | |
| 5535170376 | Human sacrifices | Tradition among Mesoamerican people believing the it was necessary for survival. Mexica believed it was necessary to please the god of war known as Huitzilopochtli. | 150 | |
| 5535203814 | Mound-Building | Common among societies in North America; Used as stages for ceremonies and rituals, platform for dwellings or burial sites. | 151 | |
| 5535254200 | Oceania | Various land areas and islands in the Pacific Ocean | 152 |
