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| 13269380653 | Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began around the 1750s in Europe. | 0 | |
| 13269380654 | Age of Revolution | The period from approximately 1774 to 1849 in which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in many parts of Europe and the Americas. It is noted for the changes in government from absolutist monarchies to constitutionalist states and republics. | 1 | |
| 13269380655 | Population Revolution | Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to the Industrial Revolution (Population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent.) | 2 | |
| 13269380656 | Protoindustrialization | A phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. (It generally refers to the phase before industrialisation.) | 3 | |
| 13269380657 | Nationalism | A feeling of intense loyalty to the interests or culture of a particular nation-state. | 4 | |
| 13269380658 | Chartist Movement | In 19th century Britain, members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all men. Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain. | 5 | |
| 13269380659 | Socialism | A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. | 6 | |
| 13269380660 | Feminist Movement | A series of political campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence. | 7 | |
| 13269380661 | Mass Leisure Culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. (Based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports.) | 8 | |
| 13269380662 | Romanticism | A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. | 9 | |
| 13269380663 | Triple Alliance (members) | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy | 10 | |
| 13269380664 | Triple Entente (members) | France, Russia, Great Britain | 11 | |
| 13269380665 | Sepoys | Indian troops who served in the British army (Under the British East India Company.) | 12 | |
| 13269380666 | British Raj | The period of direct British colonial rule in India between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the Sepoy Mutiny to the Independence of India. | 13 | |
| 13269380667 | Settlement Colonies | Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent homes and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants. | 14 | |
| 13269380668 | White Dominions | Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest. | 15 | |
| 13269380669 | Caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by military force; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. | 16 | |
| 13269380670 | Monroe Doctrine | Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. (It also declared that a New World colony which has gained its independence may not be recolonized by Europe.)(Made in 1823.) | 17 | |
| 13269380671 | Guano | A highly effective fertilizer made from bird or bat poop. (It became a major commodity traded globally in the 19th century.) | 18 | |
| 13269380672 | Manifest Destiny | A belief held by 19th century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. | 19 | |
| 13269380673 | Tanzimat Reforms | A set of educational, political, and economic reforms in the Ottoman Empire. They were an attempt at modernization to stop the decline of Ottoman power. | 20 | |
| 13269380674 | Khedives | Formal rulers of Egypt; derived from a Persian term for "lord" or "ruler" and is largely equivalent to the English word "viceroy." | 21 | |
| 13269380675 | Boxer Rebellion | An uprising in northern China started by a secret society of Chinese against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. (The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists is the name of the secret society.) | 22 | |
| 13269380676 | Trans-Siberian Railroad | The longest single rail system connecting Moscow and the Russian Far East. Had great importance in the economic, military, and imperial history of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. | 23 | |
| 13269380677 | Anarchists | People who oppose all forms of organized government and believe that it is both harmful and unnecessary. | 24 | |
| 13269380678 | Enclosure Movement | The process of consolidating small, arable landholdings into a fewer number of larger farms in England during the 18th century. (Helped increase agricultural efficiency and industrialization.) | 25 | |
| 13269380679 | Coup d'etat | A violent overthrowing of an existing government (usually led by armed forces, police, or other military elements.) | 26 | |
| 13269380680 | Kabuki | A popular type of Japanese drama combined with singing and dancing, and it is played out with exaggerated gestures and body movements to express emotion. (Played by all male actors.) | 27 | |
| 13269380681 | Pogrom | A violent riot aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe. | 28 | |
| 13269380682 | Sepoy Mutiny | A widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857. (It began with Indian troops in service of the British East India Company.) | 29 | |
| 13269380683 | Taiping Rebellion | A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners. (The most destructive civil war in China since the 20th century.) | 30 | |
| 13269380684 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's that emphasized reason and the scientific method. Thinkers and writers during this time tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. | 31 | |
| 13269380685 | Maroon Societies | Bands of communities or fugitive slaves who had succeeded in establishing a society of their own where they could not be easily surprised by soldiers or slave catchers. | 32 | |
| 13269380686 | Haitian Revolution | A series of conflicts that led to a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial revolt by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule. | 33 | |
| 13269380687 | Self-Strengthening Movement | A 19th century movement in which the Chinese modernized their industry and defense, encouraging Western engagement in order to examine their trade and technology while preserving Qing and Confucian values. | 34 | |
| 13269380688 | Duma | The elected legislative body that, along with the State Council, constituted the imperial Russian legislature until the Russian Revolution in 1917. (This was the lower house and the State Council was the upper house in the Russian Parliament.) | 35 | |
| 13269380689 | Yellow Peril | Western term for the perceived threat of Asian Americans used because of a fear of losing jobs in the face of cheaper Asian labor that began to spread. (Led to Chinese Exclusion Act that prohibited immigration and did not allow for legal residents to become citizens.) | 36 | |
| 13269380690 | Self-determination | The ability of a government to govern themselves and determine their own course using their own free will. | 37 | |
| 13269380691 | Zionists | Supporters in the nationalist movement of the Jewish people that support the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as Israel. | 38 | |
| 13269380692 | Balfour Declaration | British document that promised land in Palestine as a homeland for Jews and was used in hopes of rallying efforts toward the Allied Powers side against the Central Powers in WWI. | 39 | |
| 13269380693 | Pan-Africanism | The idea and movement that people of African descent have common interests and should be unified. (Including those of African diaspora.) | 40 | |
| 13269380694 | Cubist Movement | Artistic style that used a system in which three-dimensional subjects were redefined from several different points of view simultaneously. (Headed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.) | 41 | |
| 13269380695 | Fascism | A governmental system led by a party having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, controlling all industry, commerce, etc., and believed in suppressing individual interests for the good of the nation. | 42 | |
| 13269380696 | New Deal | A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, etc. | 43 | |
| 13269380697 | Five Year Plans | Plans created in order to plan for economic growth over limited periods. The first plan focused on developing and organizing heavy industry and agriculture at the cost of making consumer goods. The second had the same objectives as the first. The third plan stressed production of military weapons and equipment. The fourth continued off of the third plan and led to the angering of Western powers. | 44 | |
| 13269380698 | National Socialist Party | A political party that began to gain power through its leader, Adolf Hitler, who was elected Chancellor in 1933, established a totalitarian dictatorship, prepared Germany to fight back and reject the Treaty of Versailles and thus led to World War II. | 45 | |
| 13269380699 | Total War | A war that involves the complete and unrestricted mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields. | 46 | |
| 13269380700 | Apartheid | A social policy of racial segregation involving political, economic, and legal discrimination against non-whites. | 47 | |
| 13269380701 | Eastern Bloc | Communist states under the Soviet Union in eastern Europe, including Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, etc. (Sided against the non-communist Western Bloc.) | 48 | |
| 13269380702 | Iron Curtain | A political, military, and ideological barrier that isolated the people of Eastern Europe after WWII in order to prevent open contact with the West and non-communist countries. | 49 | |
| 13269380703 | Marshall Plan | A plan that the U.S. came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe after WWII. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. (Had a goal of preventing the spread of communism into these parts.) | 50 | |
| 13269380704 | NATO | An alliance made to defend one country from another in case they were attacked primarily by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries. (US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries.) | 51 | |
| 13269380705 | Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. The treaty established a mutual-defense organization in response to the NATO. | 52 | |
| 13269380706 | Banana Republics | Term given to governments/countries dependent on the exportation of a limited-resource crop or the influx of foreign capital. | 53 | |
| 13269380707 | Green Revolution | Movement that emerged as a possible long-term response to hunger within developing countries; scientists developed new varieties of wheat, rice, and other grains that had higher yields and greater resistance to pests, diseases, and drought. | 54 | |
| 13269380708 | Pacific Rim | Regions typified by rapid growth rates, expanding exports, and industrialization; considerable reliance on government planning and direction, limitations on dissent and instability (Either Chinese or strongly influenced by Confucian values; regions include Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan.) | 55 | |
| 13269380709 | Great Leap Forward | It was an economic and social campaign based off of the Five Year Plans. Created by Mao Zedong, its goal was to move from an agricultural society to an industrial society within 5 years and had catastrophic effects. (Led to a famine and many died.) | 56 | |
| 13269380710 | Cultural Revolution | Political policy started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in an attempt to renew communist China. Until Mao's death, many were persecuted and killed, including educators and intellectuals. | 57 | |
| 13269380711 | Gang of Four | The most powerful members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP.) They gained power through Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution but were sent to prison after his death in 1976. (Consisted of Mao's third wife and 3 others.) | 58 | |
| 13269380712 | Glasnost | A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of the West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry. (This reduced the power of the Communist Party and multi-candidate elections took place. Freer use of media and criticism was also allowed.) | 59 | |
| 13269380713 | Perestroika | A program initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring the economic and political policies in communist Russia towards a market-based economy and a republic with non-communist candidates. | 60 | |
| 13269380714 | Globalization | Actions or processes that involve people, companies, and governments operating on an international scale. | 61 | |
| 13269380715 | NAFTA | A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. | 62 | |
| 13269380716 | Suffrage | The right to vote in political elections. | 63 | |
| 13269380717 | Reparations | As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany. | 64 | |
| 13269380718 | Militarism | A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war. | 65 | |
| 13269380719 | Blitzkrieg | "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939. Formed by Prussian military tactics which recognized that victory could come only through forceful and swift action because of Prussia's relatively limited economic resources. | 66 | |
| 13269380720 | Non-Aligned Movement | A movement of third world states, led by India and Yugoslavia, that attempted to stand apart from the US Soviet rivalry during the Cold War. | 67 | |
| 13269380721 | Intifada | The Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987. | 68 | |
| 13269380722 | Refugee | A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. | 69 | |
| 13269380723 | Armistice | An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce. | 70 | |
| 13269380724 | Communism | A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. (The state controls most of all matters and makes everything "equal".)PROPERTY IS PUBLICLY OWNED | 71 | |
| 13269380725 | Eugenics | The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. | 72 | |
| 13269380726 | White Man's Burden | A phrase used to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took; it was the idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized. | 73 |
