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| 2437828348 | Australia/Oceania | the smallest continent, is home to the earth's oldest surviving ethnic group, the Aborigines, but remained largely isolated for most of its history. | 0 | |
| 2437830332 | Africa | the birthplace of humanity, contains the worlds largest desert, Sahara | 1 | |
| 2437831681 | Antartica | covering the south polar region, no native human population | 2 | |
| 2437847873 | Oceania | The thousands of islands sprinkled throughout the southern Pacific form no continent but are often referred to as... | 3 | |
| 2437854259 | Asia | the largest and most populous continent on earth, ranging from , the worlds most diverse mix of climates, geographical features, ethnicities, languages, and cultures | 4 | |
| 2437861909 | Pangaea | the idea that all of the earth's landmasses were once connected as one super-continent | 5 | |
| 2437865326 | Eurasia | The term used to refer to Europe and Asia as a whole because they are connected | 6 | |
| 2437869044 | North and South America | originally settled by nomadic peoples from Asia, crossing a land bridge that existed only temporarily. Developed in isolation from other continents until 1492 | 7 | |
| 2437876328 | To build a civilization | -the climate was not extremely hot, cold, dry or wet -a suitable amount of arable, fertile land, preferably flat, was available -a reliable source of water present -topography (the shape of the land) permits relatively easy movement -Presence of natural resources | 8 | |
| 2437885070 | Rivers | served as sources of food and water. Stimulated the invention of agriculture and the emergence of cities, made possible large-scale movement of passengers and freight, encouraged trade and travel, and linked communities | 9 | |
| 2437895132 | water transport | much cheaper the transporting stuff on land, they were also more efficent and were vital to the birth, growth and continued viability of human soceties, enabled the transfer of people, goods, ideas, technology, religous beliefs, and cultural practices | 10 | |
| 2437903142 | Nile | Longest river in the world that ran through Egypt and helped create the Ancient Egyptian empire, it was very calm and flooded predictably at ideal times | 11 | |
| 2437908636 | Tigris and Euphrates | River that led to the creation of the Mesopotamians who were one of the oldest known ciilizations ever, flooded violently and unpredictably | 12 | |
| 2437914839 | Indus | River that led to the Indus River Valley civilization, flooded predictably and allowed for the Indus people to prosper peacefully | 13 | |
| 2437925275 | Yangzi, Ganges, Yellow | Rivers that led to the Chinese civilization being created they allowed for the Chinese to grow rice because they flooded frequently | 14 | |
| 2437929874 | Prehistory | the vast expanse of time preceding the birth of civilized societies | 15 | |
| 2437939463 | Features of a civilization | -An economic system able to provide basic goods and services -A form of political organization to govern, create social institutions, enforce laws, and protect people from outside threats -A moral code, generally in the form of a shared religion -An intellectual tradition that typically includes a written language and encourages the pursuit of knowledge, science and the arts | 16 | |
| 2437951737 | Neanderthals/ Cro-Magnons | These are the first known homo sapiens and date back between 100,000-200,000 years ago | 17 | |
| 2438379756 | "Out of Africa" thesis | the idea that homo sapiens sapiens emerged out of Africa and then migrated outward | 18 | |
| 2438383001 | Paleolithic Age | The early stone age, ending approximately 12,000 years ago, the built tents, huts, and wooden and stone structures and they used fire for light and heat. They used rocks and clubs for weapons. | 19 | |
| 2438393428 | Neolithic Age | This is the later parts of the stone age that ended about 5,ooo years ago and led to the creation of the city | 20 | |
| 2438394937 | hunting and gathering | the men of the stone were mostly in charge of hunting animals that would be used for food and to make clothes and the women of the stone age were responsible for gathering things that could be used to make their home and they also had to take care of their children | 21 | |
| 2438398981 | nomadism | when people move from area to area after using all of the resources in that area | 22 | |
| 2438402507 | Pleistocene Ice Age | ended about 10,000-20,000 years ago and began 1.8 million years ago, there were only 2 million people alive at this time and there were lower sea levels | 23 | |
| 2438418637 | Agriculture | the cultivation of plants began about 10,000 years ago and allowed people to learn how to manipulate their enviroment | 24 | |
| 2438437067 | Pastorialism | This is the branch of agriculture that is concerned with domesticating animals, the animal to be domesticated was a dog and lead to herding societies becoming prevalent | 25 | |
| 2438452363 | Cultural diffusion | Becoming more prevalent as societies copied other's techniques in herding and planting things and this lead to the beginning of cultural diffusion | 26 | |
| 2438466533 | City | these offer protection and defense for large numbers of people. They serve as points of trade and economic activity. They enable the exchange of ideas, information, religous beliefs, and cultural values. They permit people with different skills to gather in a single area. | 27 | |
| 2438475800 | Specialization of Labor | The idea that people focus on a single area of profession and lead to faster advancements in technology. | 28 | |
| 2438479448 | Tools of the Neolithic Age | This time period lead to the creation of the wheel, pottery, plow, all of which allowed society to work more efficiently. | 29 | |
| 2438486670 | Metallurgy/ Metalworking | This is the science of extracting and refining metal from raw ore and the craft of shaping refined metal into tools. Both of these skills took thousands of years to perfect and originate in the Middle East and China. | 30 | |
| 2444891108 | Iron | this was a metal that was of even greater strength and usefulness than Bronze and therefore led to the end of the Bronze Age in 1200 BC | 31 | |
| 2444897722 | Writing | The earliest form of this was found in the Middle East from the Sumerians and allowed for them to keep records, pass of learning, and transfer information more effectively than before | 32 | |
| 2444907946 | Mesopotamia | this was a land that was between the Tigris and Euphrates river that settlers began to occupy in 8000 BC and led to the first civilization there, the Sumerians, in 3500 BC, it was also occupied by the Babylonians. The people of Mesopotamia had a trade network that expanded from North Africa to the Indian Ocean | 33 | |
| 2444931551 | Sumerians | These people occupied Mesopotamia and developed the earliest known form of writing, cuneiform, which can be seen in the Epic of Gilgamesh, They also were polytheistic. | 34 | |
| 2444947141 | Babylonians | They came after the Sumerians and occupied Mesopotamia as well and they developed one of the first written law codes, Hammurabi's Code. They were very skilled builders and craftspeople and were able to build pyramid like temples, dams and canals. | 35 | |
| 2444962858 | Egypt | This civilization developed on the banks of the Nile River and have been broken up into the Early Dynastic Period, the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom | 36 | |
| 2454878491 | Ancient Egyptian Women | Managed household finances and the education of children. They had the right to divorce their husbands and could receive alimony. They could also own property and could run buisnesses. | 37 | |
| 2454897545 | Amon-Ra | He was the main god of the Egyptians and and was a combination of Amon and Ra. He was what motivated the building of hundreds of cities in Egypt for his worship. | 38 | |
| 2454908561 | Egyptian Book of the Dead | The most important religious text of the Egyptians which explained how the dead could enter the underworld. | 39 | |
| 2454917399 | Pyramids | These were memorials built for pharoahs who had died and were buried into them. | 40 | |
| 2455606910 | Papyrus | this is what the Egyptians used to create paper to write on... | 41 | |
| 2455609912 | hieroglyphics | this was the form of writing that the ancient egyptians used... | 42 | |
| 2455612104 | Indus River | This is the location that lead to the Indus River Civilization. It would flood very gently and predictably and therefore was very vital in the creation of the Indus River Civilization. | 43 | |
| 2455625059 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | These were major cities in the Indus River Civilization that were designed almost indentically showing the unification and centralization of their society. | 44 | |
| 2455683137 | Qin Dynasty | This was the first dynasty in china and started the building of the Great Wall of china. They also developed a system of legalism and standardized weights and metals. | 45 | |
| 2455700627 | Han Dynasty | This was the second Dynasty in China that created the idea of the Mandate of Heaven. | 46 | |
| 2455738022 | Mandate of Heaven | the chinese idea that as long as a ruler governed wisely and fairly, he could claim a divine right to rule | 47 | |
| 2455754346 | The Celtics | These were a group of noncivilized folk who occupied Northwestern France, Spain, and the British Isles, they had no written language until 300 CE but their oral tradition allowed them to spread stories and knowledge. They were very skilled at crafts and metalworking. | 48 | |
| 2455768739 | Hittites | This was a group of people who first appeared in Mesopotamia in 1700 BC and were the first group to make systematic use of iron weaponry | 49 | |
| 2455778130 | Bantu | This was a civilization that occupied sub-saharan Africa beginning in 1500 BC-100BC and were able to trasform most of Africa form hunter-gatherer societies to Agricultural ones, they viewed ownership of cattle as a means to keep wealth. | 50 | |
| 2455789871 | Nubia | This was an important civilization that connected North and South Africa and Gold was one of their resources. They were ruled by New Egypt for a time and their main city was Meroë. | 51 | |
| 2455805064 | Meroë | This was the main city of Nubia whose main export was iron ore as well as having many grasslands for agriculture. | 52 | |
| 2455810207 | Ghana | This was called "the land of gold" in Africa and were a vital part of the trans Saharan trade network. They grew throughout the next 500 years and expanded throughout northwestern Africa. | 53 | |
| 2455817090 | Olmecs | This was the first major society in the Americas and occupied Mexico and Central America, despite there not being a large river or reservoir there. They built many monuments, and had a written language. | 54 | |
| 2455829636 | Hellenic Culture | This culture consists of polytheism and developed many laws for geometry, physics, mathematics, and astronomy. There were also plays and books written such the Iliad, which strongly influenced Western culture. | 55 | |
| 2455848226 | Classic Greece | They were broken up into city states called "Acropolis" of which the two most popular were Sparta and Athens. The empire would fall after the Peloponnesian War left both city states weak and allowed for Alexander the Great to take over. | 56 | |
| 2455868241 | The Roman Republic | This was the civilization whose government was made up of the senate (dominated by the upper class), and two consuls. They were a very corrupt government who would be taken over by Julius Caesar and created the empire in 31 BC. | 57 | |
| 2455879321 | The Roman Empire | This was the Rome that was led by an emporer, the first one being Caesar Augustus and they were able to conquer massive amounts of land throughout North Africa, Europe, and Western Asia. They eventually were sacked by the Goths who took down Rome and caused the Empire to split into two. | 58 | |
| 2455897928 | The Indian Caste System | This was a division of society in india depending on their economic and work status. It was impossible to change classes. | 59 | |
| 2455910468 | Cultural Diffusion | This is the spread of inventions, foods, trade goods, concepts, and practices from one people to another. | 60 | |
| 2455917094 | Independent Innovation | This is the self innovation and evolution of one's own ideas | 61 | |
| 2455920770 | Class distinction | A system in which people are defined by wealth, ancesry, or occupational function. Its rise coincided with the adoption of agriculture. | 62 | |
| 2456225656 | Specialization of Labor | The idea that people focus on one craft to benefit a whole community instead of doing the same thing as someone else to keep themselves alive. | 63 | |
| 2456238849 | Social Stratification | This is the term for when other occupations come to be more valued than others, and lead to upper and lower classes emerging. | 64 | |
| 2456245643 | Hierarchy | A culture's ranking of social classes | 65 | |
| 2456256867 | Social Mobility | The concept of people being able to move between social classes and interacting with other classes | 66 | |
| 2456267745 | Monarchies | the term for a government led by a single ruler-typically a king, queen, emperor, or empress. Their power was often justified in religious terms. Most rulers were given help from the smaller, upper class | 67 | |
| 2456281695 | Oligarchy | This is the term for rule by a few people, in this case the wealthy upper class (aristocracy) | 68 | |
| 2456286947 | Republic | A state in which all or most adult citizens play some sort of role in the government. This does not guarantee that they all play an equal role. | 69 | |
| 2456297965 | Parliament | a sort of law-making body that aids the ruler at the time | 70 | |
| 2456302008 | Democracy | a type of government that grants more or less equal political rights and oppurtunities to all adult citizens | 71 | |
| 2456317199 | Theocracy | A government that is dominated by a religous elite, such as priests or a pope | 72 | |
| 2456324359 | Nation-state | a system ran by a centralized government and united by uniform legal systems and a sense of common national identity | 73 | |
| 2456330923 | Slavery | This is the practice of owning a person and being entitled to do with them what you like. They would perform a number of tasks, such as agriculture, cleaning, and building things. | 74 | |
| 2456334740 | Serfdom | The idea that a person is bound to the land. They were unable to move or change occupation without permission of the land's owner. They were vulnerable to the same physical abuse as slaves. | 75 | |
| 2456369105 | War | This is a state of armed conflict between autonomous organizations or coalitions of such organizations. It is generally characterized by extreme collective aggression, destruction, and usually high mortality. | 76 | |
| 2456373241 | Trade | this is the exchange of goods between people or a group of people that usually consists of valuable resources from that persons country | 77 | |
| 2456381045 | Religious Interchange | This is the exchange of religious ideas between to different cultures | 78 | |
| 2472143884 | Missionaries | These are people who try to spread their religion by encouraging other people to become a part of their faith, this could sometimes lead to wars or being expelled from a country | 79 | |
| 2472152536 | Migration | the mass movement of large numbers o people and would lead to a spreading of humans across the globe and therefore the development of different cultures. | 80 | |
| 2472163127 | Polytheism | Faith and belief in more than one god which can be seen in hinduism, buddhism, confucianism, taoism, and shintoism | 81 | |
| 2472168705 | Pantheons | This is where Gods would be worshipped by the Sumerians, the Greeks, and the Egyptians. These building were shining examples of the their skill in agriculture and each culture built these differently. | 82 | |
| 2472179000 | Monotheism | This is faith or belief in one god which can be seen in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. | 83 | |
| 2472183144 | Zoroastrianism | This is a monotheistic religion that was first created by the Persian priest, Zoroaster in 500 BC , their god was Ahura Mazda, and this faith flourished in Persia until the 600 CE after Islam forced it out | 84 | |
| 2472192214 | Judaism | This monotheistic religion emerged in the Middle East where they were known as Hebrews until they began to be called Jewish, in 900 BC | 85 | |
| 2472198678 | Hinduism | Born in India, this polytheistic religion is extremely complex. It is a synthesis of many different religions and the majority of Indians today are members of this faith. | 86 | |
| 2472208299 | Buddhism | This religion also originated in India in 500 BC and shares the same gods with Hiduism however it rejects the caste system and values a moral code called the 4 Noble Truths | 87 | |
| 2519240093 | Daoism | Appeared in China in 500 BC and it values the natural order of things, and to not fight the natural order. | 88 | |
| 2519256536 | Confucianism | This religion appeared 500 BC and values respected your elders and following a moral code of kindness | 89 | |
| 2519265137 | Christianity | This religion stems from Judaism, and was founded by Jesus, it became popular after being adopted by the Romans | 90 | |
| 2519281279 | Islam | The religion was founded by Muhammed and was able to spread throughout Asia thanks to the Abassid Caliphate who helped to expand it militarily and politically | 91 | |
| 2519296915 | The medieval period | This period began after the fall of the Roman empire and lasted for almost a thousand years, in this period the Church was able to establish itself as one of the most powerful influences in Europe | 92 | |
| 2519305623 | Feudalism | This is a system in which nobles who own land distributed this land to vassals and these vassals would have serfs work this land, which would be protected by knights | 93 | |
| 2519316985 | Formation of European States | Christianity was able to unify much of Europe under one religions and they were able to create their own empire, the Holy Roman Empire, which covered much of Europe. Other European States were banded by the barbarians who looked to build military powers | 94 | |
| 2519375181 | The Crusades | These were a series of attempts at conquering Jerusalem from the Muslims and and they won a few of these battles but they truly wanted to attack so they could establish trading networks | 95 |
