general post-classical period information, focusing on trade and religion
guide: PCE - postclassical era, IOMS - Indian Ocean Maritime System, SSA - SubSaharan Africa
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| 3430554898 | Post-Classical Era | about 450 to 1450 CE | 0 | |
| 3430554899 | 4 basic characteristics of post-classical era | 1 networks of communication and exchange based on trade and human migration 2 a shift to monotheistic world religions 3 spread of "civilization" to additional regions of world 4 cross-regional influences of Arabs and Islam | 1 | |
| 3430554900 | 4 Inter-regional trends in PCE | 1 inter-regional trade kept developing 2 travel and migration accelearated 3 religious belief systems spread 4 isolated cultures flourished | 2 | |
| 3430554901 | 2 major trade patterns in PCE | Silk Road - Mediterranean to China, via Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia - height at age of Roman and Han Indian Ocean Maritime System - India and Souteast Asia to Arabia and east Africa | 3 | |
| 3430554902 | Silk Road Middlemen (2) | Parthians of northeastern Iran, still prospering despite numerous wars with Greece and Rome Steppe Nomads in Central Asia, provided pack animals and safe transit | 4 | |
| 3430554903 | Sasanids and their products | sedentary people that conquered the Parthians in 224 agricultural products: cotton, sugar cane, rice, citrus fruits, and eggplants | 5 | |
| 3430554904 | Sasanid Religion | Zoroastrianism intolerant of other religions - persecution trade here acted as conduit for transmission of religious beliefs and culture | 6 | |
| 3430554905 | 4 major impacts of the Silk Road | 1 settling in trading cities and surrounding farm villages by Iranians (urbanization) 2 nomadic peoples from Atlai Mountains, speakers of Turkic languages, migrated as pastoralists 3 Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism spread 4 Technology - chariots and bowmen (Central Asia), stirrup (major invention of the Kushan people, revolutionized mounted warfare) | 7 | |
| 3430554906 | IOMS | multi-lingual and multi-ethnic seamen who used monsoon winds to operate in: the South China Sea East India to Southeast Asia West India to Persian Gulf and East Africa | 8 | |
| 3430554907 | Indian Ocean versus Mediterranean Sea (trade) | I: triangular lateen sails with no oars, ships tied together and caulked with bitumen; colonies rarely with close political ties to homeland because of long distances M: sails and oars, ships nailed together; trading colonies closely tied to motherland | 9 | |
| 3430554908 | Products Traded in IOMS | exotic animals, woods, ivory, aromatic resins, copper, pearls, spices, manufactured goods, pottery The volume of goods in trade was lower than Mediterranean b/c of long distances | 10 | |
| 3430554909 | Diversity in IOMS (particularly to do with women) | Sailors and merchants married women in port cities, creating bilingual and bicultural families; these port wives introduced their customs and attitudes to their husbands, mixing heritages and resulting in rich cultural diversity | 11 | |
| 3430554910 | Early Sahara Desert Culture | This region isolated sub-Saharan Africa until like 1000 2500 BCE: Rock paintings reveal a wetter climate than now, supporting hunting and pastoral societies; cattle reached the area before desertification took hold, causing peoples to moved south and west | 12 | |
| 3430554911 | Camels in North Africa | water scarcity restricted travel to a few difficult routes domestication of camels from Arabia made even trade on these routes possible oases- important, lush stops in desert for traders | 13 | |
| 3430554912 | Goods in Trans-Saharan Trade | with the south: salt in exchange for kola nuts and palm oil via middlemen on edge of the desert/arable land divide (Sahel) with the north: wheat and olives exported to Italy from Roman colonists in North Africa - much of this trade decreased when Rome fell, causing the farms to be abandoned and nomadism to be increased | 14 | |
| 3430554913 | Sub-Saharan Africa geography | borders: Sahara Desert in north, Atlantic Ocean in west, Indian Ocean and Red Sea in east river: many major systems, but rapids limited navigability | 15 | |
| 3430554914 | relation of environment and trade in SSA | Sahel: semi-arid steppes and savanna - caravan trade prospered dramatically different environment on north-south axis b/c of latitude limited diffusion, except for Nile | 16 | |
| 3430554915 | Diversity in SSA | larger and more diverse than anywhere else, but also lower population density --> led to multitude of languages and lifestyles, like foraging, farming, and pastoralism contacts were sporadic because of large spaces separating different groups of people | 17 | |
| 3430554916 | Isolation in SSA | isolated from outside world due to natural barriers In Fact, European traders/colonialists did not gain a substantial hold hear until the 1800s | 18 | |
| 3430554917 | SSA common cultural stuff (5) | 1 hoe and digging stick agriculture 2 drums and rhythmic music 3 music, dancing, and wearing artistic masks in social rituals 4 tribal kingdoms/ritual isolation of kings (monarchy) 5 social roles similar across tribal lines | 19 | |
| 3430554918 | How to explain these commonalities in culture in SSA | 5000 BCE: drying of the Sahara causing migration south, creating increasing concentration in Sahel- the initial "incubation" center for Pan-African cultural patterns, then people migrated more - south and east | 20 | |
| 3430554919 | Effects of Sahel migration | spread of ideas and lifestyles southward farming spread southward copper mining and iron smelting spread | 21 | |
| 3430554920 | Bantu Migration | group of 300 common but distinct languages called Bantu ("people") 500 BCE to 1000 CE - massive transfer of Bantu languages and lifestyles southward from their home in modern Nigeria, creating Pan-African traditions and practices | 22 | |
| 3430554921 | Bantu Cultural Traits | permanent villages agriculture- yams, grains, palm nuts (palm oil) animals- fishing, domestication of goats and dogs tech- possibly iron smelting | 23 | |
| 3430554922 | 4 World Religions and when they arose | around 200 to 600 CE Hinduism Buddhism Christianity Islam Today they all cross borders and have hundreds of millions of followers | 24 | |
| 3430554923 | Commonalities in the World Religions (4) | 1 emotional comfort and solace 2 a place for everyone, a sense of belonging 3 a moral and ethical framework 4 a hope of better existence to come, either afterlife or reincarnation | 25 | |
| 3430554924 | Syncretism | blending of new beliefs with the old, based on either genuine reform or an effort to attract new converts, often making concessions to local beliefs, practices, and customs | 26 | |
| 3430554925 | Gupta Hinduism | Gupta Golden Age - Vedic tradition found royal support and subsidies, grew in adherents, and got preeminent position in Indian society It was transformed into recognizable Hinduism and the Ramayana and Mahabarata writings became accessible to the general public Concise statements of Vedic principle were formed. | 27 | |
| 3430554926 | Hindu Syncretism | absorbed some aspects of Buddhism, the Buddha becoming an incarnation of Vishnu Hinduism had no ascetic expectations, and was more suited to living well | 28 | |
| 3430554927 | Vernacular Texts | translation of Vedic texts into vernacular languages, increasing appeal, acceptance, and accessibility, also making the religious experience more familiar and personal diminished the power and prerogatives of priests | 29 | |
| 3430554928 | Growth of Hinduism | the religion is closely tied to Indian social and cultural practices, inhibiting its spread Islamic incursions also inhibited it Today: largest number of Hindus reside in India, though migration has spread it across the world, now at 905 million adherents | 30 | |
| 3430554929 | Influence of Hinduism | interplay of religion, politics, and social structures was major in India, even today | 31 | |
| 3430554930 | Buddhism Missionary Work | monks and nuns travelling land/sea trade routes to spread faith, establishing communities, monasteries, and learning centers Emperor Ashoka and King Kanishka were prominent leaders who promoted Buddhism during the classical period | 32 | |
| 3430554931 | Theravada Buddhism | Theravada: "teaching of the elders" original teachings of Buddha dominant in Sri Lanka, where Mauryan Emperor Ashoka sent a son and group of missionaries, and also in continental Southeast Asia | 33 | |
| 3430554932 | Mahayana Buddhism | Mahayana: "Greater Vehicle" Central and East Asia, spreading along Silk Road and to China, Korea, and Japan stresses role of bodhisattva- like a 'saint', one who attained nirvana but remains to teach others portrays Buddha as a divine savior has priests, temples, creeds, and rituals | 34 | |
| 3430554933 | Appeal of Mahayana Buddhism | temples, prayers, and rituals gave concreteness to the spiritual yearning and response Buddha was a god to whom they could appeal for guidance more syncretistic- statues of Buddha in regional variations, regional artistic styles, like the pagoda style | 35 | |
| 3430554934 | Gender and Buddhism | Buddhism held that women did have souls, and welcomed them as temple caretakers and nuns- very appealing In China: patriarchal culture subverted these ideas and changed phrases like "husband supports wife" to "husband controls wife" | 36 | |
| 3430554935 | Confucian effect on Buddhism in China | secular Confucian leaders saw Buddhism as an inappropriate diversion from one's duties, even driving out Buddhist missionaries later on Buddhism was a minority belief system here, even smaller than Daoism, which posed less of a threat | 37 | |
| 3430554936 | Inflence of Buddhism | 500 million people now because of migration and missionary work peaceful activism today, headed by Dalai Lama | 38 | |
| 3430554937 | Spread of Christianity | progressively westward movement major role in post-classical civilizations in eastern and western Europe - Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church spread Hellenistic culture | 39 | |
| 3430554938 | Comparing Buddhism and Christianity | both appealed to emotions, offering salvation, afterlife, saintly guidance used missionary work stressed equality of the soul, appealing to women, slaves, and other dispossessed people both met opposition and persecution by governments because it "challenged loyalty to the state" | 40 | |
| 3430554939 | Christianity Syncretism | more adaptable than Buddhism adopted the hierarchical organizational patterns of Roman government- bishops, diocese structures Paul of Tarsus ("Apostle to the Gentiles") and other missionaries spread it, incorporating a lot of Hellenistic philosophy into the theology, with the help of the Greek language in his epistles Peter organized the Church and was first bishop | 41 | |
| 3430554940 | Structure of Christianity | very organized the New Testament was compiled the new organizational and theological structures established Christianity as truly a new religion | 42 | |
| 3430554941 | Appeal of Christianity (4 things) | appealed to broad range of people 1 alternative to state-sponsored polytheism 2 human kindness and spiritual equality 3 rational thought 4 did not challenge the state authority, as taught by Augustine of Hippo | 43 | |
| 3430554942 | Christian Missionaries in the West | priority to convert the Germanic tribes of Europe, often targeting royal families and women in them monasteries built on model of Benedict of Nursia's. Benedictine Rule stressed disciplined life, prayer, study, meditation, and hard work | 44 | |
| 3430554943 | Christian Missionaries in the East | Eastern Church was intertwined with government in the Byzantine Empire, so it was guided by government directive and government actions were imbued with religious purpose; patriarch of Church was appointed by emperor and had to hold his priorities priority to convert Balkan and Russian peoples to establish ties with these regions; brothers Cyril and Methodius, the "Apostles to the Slavs" converted Slavic tribes and used the Cyrillic Alphabet | 45 | |
| 3430554944 | Christian Missionaries in Russia | targeting noble families in Kiev and other nobles of Slavic or Viking ethnicity, thereby converting entire principalities by the Russian unification under czars, there was a Russian branch of Christianity, called Russian Orthodox Church. It also was intertwined with affairs of government | 46 | |
| 3430554945 | Christianity in Armenia | Byzantine missionaries created Armenian Apostolic Church through the new Armenian alphabet | 47 | |
| 3430554946 | Christianity in Ethiopia | Byzantine missionaries sent along Red Sea trade routes to Ethiopia established new Church with help of the patriarch of Alexandria, called Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church- now numbers 40 million followers | 48 | |
| 3430554947 | Christianity in Egypt | called Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in Egypt since Saint Mark founded it leader: Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa island of Christianity in sea of Islam | 49 | |
| 3430554948 | Christianity in Nubia/Kush | Coptic tradition made it to the kingdoms of Kush, where Christianity flourished for several hundred years until Arab leaders brought Islam, gradually supplanting Christianity as the dominant faith | 50 | |
| 3430554949 | Size and Durability of Christianity | became largest religion even though it is plagued with theological disputes and schisms, proving to be durable more than 2 billion followers today | 51 |
