The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER
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| 6694471065 | Bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 0 | |
| 6694471066 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 1 | |
| 6694471067 | Medina | town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar | 2 | |
| 6694471068 | Umayyad | First dynasty of the Arab-Islamic Caliphate | 3 | |
| 6694471069 | Muhammad | (570-632); Founding prophet of Islam, originally an Arabian merchant | 4 | |
| 6694471070 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 5 | |
| 6694471071 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 6 | |
| 6694471072 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 7 | |
| 6694471073 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 8 | |
| 6694471074 | Ali | cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism | 9 | |
| 6694471075 | Abu Bakr | succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph | 10 | |
| 6694471076 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 11 | |
| 6694471077 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 12 | |
| 6694471078 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 13 | |
| 6694471080 | Dhimmis | "the people of the book" Tolerated non-Muslims in an Islamic state-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus | 14 | |
| 6694471081 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 15 | |
| 6694471082 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 16 | |
| 6694471085 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids | 17 | |
| 6694471086 | Crusades | invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291 | 18 | |
| 6694471087 | Ulama | Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking | 19 | |
| 6694471088 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 20 | |
| 6694471089 | Mongols | central Asian nomadic peoples; Established huge empire connecting East and Central/Southwest Asia | 21 | |
| 6694471090 | Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms | 22 | |
| 6694471091 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves | 23 | |
| 6694471092 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 24 | |
| 6694471093 | Shrivijaya | trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam | 25 | |
| 6694471094 | Malacca | flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya | 26 | |
| 6694471095 | Mali | West African state engaged in Trans-Saharan trade | 27 | |
| 6694471096 | Mansa | title of the ruler of Mali | 28 | |
| 6694471097 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 29 | |
| 6694471098 | Sundiata | created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260 | 30 | |
| 6694471099 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 31 | |
| 6694471100 | East African trading ports | urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar: Monsoon trade | 32 | |
| 6694471101 | Great Zimbabwe | with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa | 33 | |
| 6694471102 | Greek Fire | Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople | 34 | |
| 6694471103 | Icons | images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians | 35 | |
| 6694471104 | Iconoclasm | the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration | 36 | |
| 6694471105 | Manzikert | Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory | 37 | |
| 6694471106 | Cyrillic | Written script for Russian/Slavic tongues. Developed by Byzantine monks to aid Christianization | 38 | |
| 6694471107 | Kiev | commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c | 39 | |
| 6694471110 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire | 40 | |
| 6694471111 | Tatars | Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact | 41 | |
| 6694471112 | Middle Ages | the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c | 42 | |
| 6694471113 | Gothic | an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 43 | |
| 6694471114 | Vikings | seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 44 | |
| 6694471115 | Manorialism | rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 45 | |
| 6694471116 | Serfs | Peasant workers, unfree but not chattel slaves. Owed labor to land owners, could expect land and justice | 46 | |
| 6694471117 | Three-field system | practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure | 47 | |
| 6694471118 | Clovis | King of the Franks; converted to Catholic Christianity circa 496 | 48 | |
| 6694471119 | Carolingians | royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c | 49 | |
| 6694471121 | Charlemagne | Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800 | 50 | |
| 6694471122 | Holy Roman Emperors | political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy | 51 | |
| 6694471123 | Feudalism | Theoretical political system of medieval Europe in which power devolves from center to lnadowning nobles | 52 | |
| 6694471127 | Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects | 53 | |
| 6694471128 | Hundred Years War | conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism. | 54 | |
| 6694471130 | Investiture | Authority to appoint bishops, became a point of conflict between popes and monarchs | 55 | |
| 6694471132 | Thomas Aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 56 | |
| 6694471133 | Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 57 | |
| 6694471134 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance | 58 | |
| 6694471135 | Guilds | associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities | 59 | |
| 6694471136 | Black Death | bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia | 60 | |
| 6694471137 | Period of the Six Dynasties | era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han | 61 | |
| 6694471139 | Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia | 62 | |
| 6694471140 | Wuzong | Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism | 63 | |
| 6694471141 | Southern Song | smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279. | 64 | |
| 6694471142 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 65 | |
| 6694471143 | Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 66 | |
| 6694471144 | Flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency | 67 | |
| 6694471145 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite. | 68 | |
| 6694471149 | Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor | 69 | |
| 6694471150 | Seppuku | ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor | 70 | |
| 6694471152 | Bakufu | Literally "Tent government": Term for rule of Japan by military leaders (Shoguns) with Emperor as figurehead | 71 | |
| 6694471153 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 72 | |
| 6694471154 | Daimyos | warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states | 73 | |
| 6694471155 | Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions | 74 | |
| 6694471158 | Khmers and Chams | Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi | 75 | |
| 6694471159 | Nguyen | southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi | 76 | |
| 6694471160 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227 | 77 | |
| 6694471161 | Shamanistic religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits | 78 | |
| 6694471163 | Golden Horde | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire. Central Asian and Russia, rule by Tribute | 79 | |
| 6694471164 | Ilkhan khanate | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire. Persia: Rule using local bureaucrats. Became Islamic and Persianized | 80 | |
| 6694612078 | Yuan Dynasty | one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire. China. Ruled using foreign bureaucrats were possible. Resisted Sinicization | 81 | |
| 6694471166 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260 | 82 | |
| 6694471167 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271 | 83 | |
| 6694471169 | Ottoman Empire | Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire | 84 | |
| 6694471170 | Ming Dynasty | replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China | 85 | |
| 6694471174 | Muhammad's primary historical achievement | spread of Islam | 86 | |
| 6694471175 | Silk Road Trade system | System of multiple land trade routes connecting East Asia to Mediterranean, and South and Central Asia |  | 87 |
| 6694471177 | Inca and Rome both had | extensive road systems | 88 | |
| 6694471178 | Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450 | land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place | 89 | |
| 6694471179 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 90 | |
| 6694471180 | Diasporic communities | merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas | 91 | |
| 6694471181 | Trans Saharan trade | Trade routes connecting North and West Africa. Gold and Salt, aiding spread of Islam to West Asia |  | 92 |
| 6694471182 | Effect of Muslim conquests | collapse of other empires, mass conversion | 93 | |
| 6694471183 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 94 | |
| 6694471185 | Indian Ocean Maritime Trade | Maritime trade routes connecting India to East African and SW Asia. Aided spread of Indian technology and ideas and spread of Islam to India |  | 95 |
| 6694471186 | Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade | Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu | 96 | |
| 6694471187 | Timbuktu | trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people | 97 | |
| 6694471188 | New forms of monetization | Checks, Bills of Exchange | 98 | |
| 6694471189 | Bantu Migrations | Spread of Bantu speaking peoples from West to East and South Africa. Iron use, cattle herding |  | 99 |
| 6694471191 | Marco Polo | traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan | 100 |
