Terms : Hide Images
| 13373503765 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. | 0 | |
| 13373503766 | Central Powers | In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies. | 1 | |
| 13373503767 | Schlieffen Plan | German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east. | 2 | |
| 13373503768 | Isolationism | A policy of non participation in international economic and political relations. A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries. | 3 | |
| 13373503769 | Zimmerman telegram | March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. | 4 | |
| 13373503770 | Fourteen points | Woodrow Wilson's plan that called for self-determination of nationalities, peace without victory, disarmament, fair treatment of colonial peoples, and the establishment of the League of Nations. Most ideas were rejected, except for the League of Nations, which the U.S., ironically, did not join. | 5 | |
| 13373503771 | League of Nations | established in Geneva, Switzerland. , an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations | 6 | |
| 13373503772 | April theses | Lenin's promise to the Russian people and challenge to the Provisional Government to provide peace, land, and bread | 7 | |
| 13373503773 | Red Army | Bolshevik Communist army in the Russian Civil War | 8 | |
| 13373503774 | New Economic Policy (NEP) | Lenin's 1921 policy re-establishing limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration. | 9 | |
| 13373503775 | Five Year Plans | Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. | 10 | |
| 13373503776 | collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. | 11 | |
| 13373503777 | Great Depression | (1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies. | 12 | |
| 13373503778 | fascism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition | 13 | |
| 13373503779 | totalitarianism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 14 | |
| 13373503780 | Black Shirts | A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy. | 15 | |
| 13373503781 | Reichstag | the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag. | 16 | |
| 13373503782 | nationalism | A sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others | 17 | |
| 13373503783 | appeasement | Giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace. The policy of appeasement culminated in the 1939 Munich Agreement in which Britain and France handed Hitler the Sudetenland, a largely German-speaking population in northern Czechoslovakia. | 18 | |
| 13373503784 | Manhattan Project | Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. | 19 | |
| 13373503785 | the Holocaust | A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. The mass murder of 6 million Jews and others in Nazi concentration camps. | 20 | |
| 13373503786 | genocide | Deliberate extermination of a racial or cultural group | 21 | |
| 13373503787 | Marshall Plan | A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) | 22 | |
| 13373503788 | Cold War | A 40 year competition between Communist Soviet Union and Democratic United States for global influence, but neither actually entered into armed conflict with the other | 23 | |
| 13373503789 | spheres of influence | A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities. A country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority. | 24 | |
| 13373503790 | Soviet bloc | The Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries that installed Communist regimes after World War II and were dominated by the Soviet Union. | 25 | |
| 13373503791 | Western bloc | also known as the Capitalist bloc, refers to the countries allied with the United States against the Soviet Union and its allies. Sometimes also called the "Free World" or "Western World." The name for Western Europe, the parts of Europe not controlled by the Soviets. | 26 | |
| 13373503792 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by the Soviets and their allies | 27 | |
| 13373503793 | Iron Curtain | A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world. | 28 | |
| 13373503794 | Three Principles of the People | Sun Yat-sen's doctrine that advocated for democracy, nationalism, & economic equality for all Chinese | 29 | |
| 13373503795 | Westernization | An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries. | 30 | |
| 13373503796 | guerilla warfare | Used effectively by the Viet Cong, it is a style of fighting that involves striking fast and without warning, then retreating before one's enemy can fully respond | 31 | |
| 13373503797 | Platt Amendment | Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. | 32 | |
| 13373503798 | "Good Neighbor" | Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy. | 33 | |
| 13373503799 | export economy | A type of economy in which goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use | 34 | |
| 13373503800 | glasnost | A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry. | 35 | |
| 13373503801 | perestroika | A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society | 36 | |
| 13373503802 | ethnic cleansing | Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region | 37 | |
| 13373503803 | passive resistance | Nonviolent opposition to authority, especially a refusal to cooperate with legal requirements. | 38 | |
| 13373503804 | NGO's | non-governmental organizations, such as Red Cross and Greenpeace. | 39 | |
| 13373503805 | apartheid | A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites. | 40 | |
| 13373503806 | pogroms | Government supported attacks against Jews in Russia | 41 | |
| 13373503807 | OPEC | An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. | 42 | |
| 13373503808 | special economic zones | In 1979, the Chinese government set up these zones on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically. | 43 | |
| 13373503809 | Archduke Franz Ferdinand | Heir to Austrian throne from 1896: assassinated on June 28, 1914 during good-will mission in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Serbians, sparking WWI: caused Germany and other Austro Allies to declare war on Serbia and its allies | 44 | |
| 13373503810 | Gavrilo Princip | The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand | 45 | |
| 13373503811 | Treaty of Versailles (1919) | 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II | 46 | |
| 13373503812 | Russian Revolution | Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism. | 47 | |
| 13373503813 | Czar Nicholas | 1868-1918) Czar of Russia (1894-1917). He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Later, he and his family were killed by the revolution's leadership. | 48 | |
| 13373503814 | Alexander Kerensky | A respected member of the Duma and a Soviet; he was chosen to be the leader of the provisional government that replaced Nicholas II. | 49 | |
| 13373503815 | Bolsheviks | A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917. | 50 | |
| 13373503816 | Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. First head of the USSR | 51 | |
| 13373503817 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | A signed agreement between Russia and the Central Powers when Russia withdrew from the War. Russia surrendered Poland, the Ukraine and other territory. | 52 | |
| 13373503818 | Soviet Union | A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. | 53 | |
| 13373503819 | Leon Trotsky | Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin | 54 | |
| 13373503820 | Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) | "Father of the Turks" who helped to create Republic of Turkey and wanted to modernize [westernize] Turkey as well as separate religion and government | 55 | |
| 13373503821 | Joseph Stalin | Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition. | 56 | |
| 13373503822 | USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922. | 57 | |
| 13373503823 | Franklin Roosevelt | Thirty-second president of the United States and the longest serving president who led the country during most of World War II | 58 | |
| 13373503824 | Benito Mussolini | (1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance. | 59 | |
| 13373503825 | Weimar Republic | Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany form 1919 to 1933. Was Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably. It had leaders such as Stressman and Hindenburg. | 60 | |
| 13373503826 | National Socialist Party (Nazis) | (Nazi Party) was a far-right, racist political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. | 61 | |
| 13373503827 | Adolf Hitler | Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945). | 62 | |
| 13373503828 | Third Reich | The Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s. | 63 | |
| 13373503829 | Francisco Franco | Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting. | 64 | |
| 13373503830 | Rhineland | A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936 | 65 | |
| 13373503831 | Munich Conference (1938) | 1938; Chamberlain, France and other countries (not the USSR); they agreed that Sudetenland should be ceded to Germany; Chamberlain secured peace with Germany. | 66 | |
| 13373503832 | Neville Chamberlain | 1938; British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland. | 67 | |
| 13373503833 | Nazis-Soviet Pact (1939) | A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians in 1939 that said that they would not attack each other should war break out. Hitler broke this agreement later on. | 68 | |
| 13373503834 | Manchukuo | In 1932 Japan established this puppet state in their conquered territories of Manchuria. In 1933 the League of Nations reprimanded Japan, and so the nation withdrew from the organization. | 69 | |
| 13373503835 | Anti-Comintern Pact | In 1936 Japan signed this with Germany and it was later ratified by Italy. It was in opposition to Communism but actually proved to be the foundation for diplomatic alliance between these three powers. Each now had allies and pushed their demands for individual success. In 1938 Mussolini was willing to accept the German absorption of Austria which he had resisted in 1934. | 70 | |
| 13373503836 | Winston Churchill | A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He coined the term "Iron Curtain" that separated Communist Europe from the rest of the West. | 71 | |
| 13373503837 | Battle of Britain | An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. | 72 | |
| 13373503838 | Tripartite Pact | Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US | 73 | |
| 13373503839 | Pearl Harbor | 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. | 74 | |
| 13373503840 | D-Day | 175000 Allied troops invading the beaches of Normandy; Also called Operation Overload. The early hours of the day were spent with airborne attacks to break up the German resistance. The beaches of Normandy (which were broken into 5 groups) were stormed by US, British, Canadian, Free French, and Polish forces. | 75 | |
| 13373503841 | Harry Truman | 33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war. | 76 | |
| 13373503842 | Hiroshima/Nagasaki | Nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman | 77 | |
| 13373503843 | Berlin Blockade | The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift. | 78 | |
| 13373503844 | Berlin Airlift | Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city | 79 | |
| 13373503845 | Yalta and Potsdam | Agreed that once defeated, Germany would be temporarily divided and occupied by allied troops. Liberated areas of Europe would be allowed to democratically elect their governments. | 80 | |
| 13373503846 | Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO | 81 | |
| 13373503847 | Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (1968) | Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. | 82 | |
| 13373503848 | International Atomic Energy Agency (1957) | A UN agency created in 1946 to limit the use of nuclear technology to peaceful purposes. The purpose of this organization today is to ensure compliance with the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) to ensure that signatories are not using nuclear technology to develop nuclear weapons. This organization does this through regular on-site inspections of nuclear facilities inside all countries that have joined the NPT. | 83 | |
| 13373503849 | Chiang Kai-shek | General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. | 84 | |
| 13373503850 | Mao Zedong | (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. | 85 | |
| 13373503851 | People's Republic of China | Communist government of mainland China; proclaimed in 1949 following military success of Mao Zedong over forces of Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang. | 86 | |
| 13373503852 | Cultural Revolution | (1966-1976) Political policy in started in China by Mao Zedong to eliminate his rivals and train a new generation in the revolutionary spirit that created communist China. The Cultural Revolution resulted in beatings, terror, arrests, and the deaths of thousands. | 87 | |
| 13373503853 | Tiananmen Square Massacre | A political and social protest by university students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest called for political and social reforms and resulted in the government using the military to end it, which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands of injured, and many more imprisoned. | 88 | |
| 13373503854 | Ho Chi Minh | 1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable | 89 | |
| 13373503855 | Ngo Dihn Diem | Corrupt leader of South Vietnam, supported by US until his unpopularity led US to approve a coup on November 1 of 1963 by rebels supported by the US military. | 90 | |
| 13373503856 | Fidel Castro | Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba | 91 | |
| 13373503857 | Cuban Revolution | (1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator. | 92 | |
| 13373503858 | Bay of Pigs Invasion | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure. | 93 | |
| 13373503859 | Cuban Missile Crisis | (JFK) an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba | 94 | |
| 13373503860 | National Action Party (PAN) | their president Vicente Fox was elected president in 2000, and for the first time in 71 years, the PRI didn't control Mexico's government. However, the successor Felipe Calderon was marred by the charges or fraud | 95 | |
| 13373503861 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. | 96 | |
| 13373503862 | Boris Yeltzin | Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. The ________ era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. ...was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president in Russian history. But he never recovered his popularity after endorsing radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population. | 97 | |
| 13373503863 | Muslim League | an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations | 98 | |
| 13373503864 | Amritsar massacre | occurred in 1919. British soldiers fired upon a group of nonviolent, Indian protestors killing men, women and children in the crowd. This marked a turning point in the Indian independence movement. | 99 | |
| 13373503865 | Gandhi | Indian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India (1947). He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic. | 100 | |
| 13373503866 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights | 101 | |
| 13373503867 | Gamal Nasser | Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies | 102 | |
| 13373503868 | Tutsi and Hutu | The Rwandan Genocide took place between these two tribal groups | 103 | |
| 13373503869 | Nelson Mandela | 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the struggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. | 104 | |
| 13373503870 | Sharpeville massacre | (1960) an incident in which South African police fired on a crowd of apartheid protestors, killing 67 people | 105 | |
| 13373503871 | Zionists | Jewish nationalists - They believe that there should be one Jewish state because there is not a Jewish homeland. ...start migrating to Palestine buying land and settling in homes. Dedicated to combating violent anti-semitism prevailing in central and eastern Europe by establishing a national Jewish state | 106 | |
| 13373503872 | Balfour Declaration of 1917 | On November 2, 1917, Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour writes a letter to Britain's most illustrious Jewish citizen, Baron Lionel Walter Rothschild, expressing the British government's support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. | 107 | |
| 13373503873 | Arab-Israeli War (1948) | The conflict over Palestine since World War II | 108 | |
| 13373503874 | Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) | This and Hamas are both groups that are considered terrorist groups by Israel; both groups have used violence against Israel, and Israel has responded to both groups with military action. | 109 | |
| 13373503875 | Yasser Arafat | The PLO leader who called for the destruction of Israel | 110 | |
| 13373503876 | Ariel Sharon | former Israeli Prime Minister (mainly responsible, in 2004, for the unilateral withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and the evacuation of Jewish settlements there. | 111 | |
| 13373503877 | Iranian Revolution | (1978-1979) a revolution against the shah of Iran led by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, which resulted in Iran becoming an Islamic republic with Khomeini as its leader | 112 | |
| 13373503878 | Ayatollah Khomeini | Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy. | 113 | |
| 13373503879 | Iran-Iraq War | the war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution. | 114 | |
| 13373503880 | Persian Gulf War | (1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious. | 115 | |
| 13373503881 | Saddam Hussein | Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. . | 116 | |
| 13373503882 | North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | a trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. | 117 | |
| 13373503883 | Group of 8(G8) or (G6) | A collection of powerful countries that confers regular on key global economic and political issues. It includes the United States, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia. (formerly 6 and 7 members) | 118 | |
| 13599759450 | West Bank | an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river | 119 | |
| 13599759451 | September 11 Attacks | The terrorist attack by Al Qaeda on the World Trade Center. Two planes were hijacked and were flown into the Twin Towers and resulted in the death of over 3,000 people and the massive damage to the city of New York. Also one place to the pentagon. And another to a field. | 120 | |
| 13599759452 | European Union | An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members. Common currency, euro. | 121 |
