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| 4009326127 | Pasquier, Michael. "Religion, Western Perceptions of Traditional Religions." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 954-959. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Catholics baptized and converted many Africans in Spanish and French colonies. The combination of french and Spanish Catholicism and African religion created the religions of Vodou and Santeria | 0 | |
| 4009341748 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Before the 1850s, France had few African colonies. In 1659 France had 2 African colonies: Saint-Louis at the mouth of the Senegal and Goreé in the Dakar Harbor | 1 | |
| 4009361171 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | In 1854 Major Louis Faidherbe took control of the Senegal River from several Senegalese states and expanded French dominion over the Niger river and several coastal areas while establishing infrastructure throughout the area. | 2 | |
| 4009361172 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | France's colonial ambitions were cut back during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-1871, but colonial military zeal rose quickly afterwards. | 3 | |
| 4009361173 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | France constructed two railroads in West Africa, one connecting Saint-Louis and Dakar, and another connecting the Senegal and Niger Rivers. | 4 | |
| 4009361174 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | From French interests in Equatorial African trading posts like Libreville, France sent Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in 1875 to establish treaties with the Africans of the area. During the Berlin Conference, this allowed France to take their claim of Equatorial Africa. | 5 | |
| 4009420001 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | After the Berlin Conference, Soldiers stationed in the Soudan began conquering it in 1883-1898 and estabilshing a fief, disregarding civil rule. France also solidified control in Madagascar, Guinea, Mauritania, and the Ivory Coast. | 6 | |
| 4009454161 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Although the French were more likely to interfere directly in the succession of Tribal leaders and territorial claims, the French did rule through chiefs from traditional families in areas of Equatorial African and the Sahara. | 7 | |
| 4009470082 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | In 1905 a law liberated the transaction of human slaves, which led to over a million slaves returning to their familial homes. | 8 | |
| 4009488313 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Colonial Regimes were especially concerned with economic growth, as French Africa was especially less populated and productive than British or Belgian Africa; therefore, since peasants could not pay the state taxes, infrastructure was built with forced labor. | 9 | |
| 4009507592 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Assimilation into the French culture was largely weakened by the disestablishment of the Catholic Church which ran schools, that focused on educating the elite Africans of the French language | 10 | |
| 4009522789 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | French colonies were not given citizenship besides the Four Communes of Senegal, until the French had to call upon African troops in WWI. This sparked assimilation ideals and led to all colonies being represented in the French parliament after WWII. | 11 | |
| 4009533588 | Klein, Martin. "France's African Colonies." Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450. Ed. Thomas Benjamin. Vol. 2. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 490-493. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Under De Gaulle's Fifth Republic, the colonial governments were given autonomy, which led to the colonies declaring independence from France. | 12 | |
| 4018587544 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | French African colonies began in 1830 with the invasion of Algeria. The duration of occupation, the violence, and massive European colonization made Algeria unique in law, politics, and administration. In 1878 Algeria was declared part of metropolitan France, but this only applied to European colonists, not native Algerians. | 13 | |
| 4018630354 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Tunisia, however, was established as a protectorate in 1881 and maintained the cosmopolitan and Mediterranean atmosphere. Similarly, French Morocco was established as a protectorate in 1912, where the Sultan ruled but the French controlled politics and economics. | 14 | |
| 4018662411 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | In other areas of Africa, specifically the Afrique Occidentale Francaise (French West Africa) and Afrique è quatoriale Francaise (French Equatorial Africa) where there were few Europeans yet large native ethnic diversity, government was merely a political and administrative body with no respect for preexisting ethnic or linguistic boundaries. | 15 | |
| 4018697045 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | French culture regarded Africa as a unified entity, using such ideas as primitivism to group all diverse African cultures as simply "African," destroying all diversity of the continent at times. | 16 | |
| 4018733865 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Many French regarded the Sahara not as a highway for Africa, but rather a racial barrier between the Mediterranean African and Sub-Saharan Africa, severing the ties of Algeria to Africa and drawing it closer to the more European/White world | 17 | |
| 4018767202 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | French colonial bureaucrats became convinced of their roles as "civilizers," based on the notions of racial pseudo-science and used this to both promote education to the inferior colonies, advocate for empire, and support racial colonial violence | 18 | |
| 4018807002 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | One idea of French government was association, which was an administration based on ruling through native chiefs who cooperated with French elites. This was inherently racists on the grounds that it assumed Africans could not achieve the system of government the French had and that French government was the pinnacle of achievement. | 19 | |
| 4018874455 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Assimilation was another idea of French government that favored the idea of cultural annihilation, replacing African culture with the perceived superior French culture. This was also inherently racist, as it both implied that French culture was superior and that African culture would die out as Africans would accept the French as the civilized culture. | 20 | |
| 4018912839 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Colonial Africa was also racially split in regards to religion; Sub-Saharan Islam was called "Islam noir," and was seen as superstitious and primitive, even though it drew many similarities with the "white" Islam of Morocco for instance. However, many French argued against this, saying that the Islam of Sub-Saharan Africa lacked the anti-Western air and fanaticism that caused the Arabs to decline. | 21 | |
| 4018962812 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | In North Africa, France established that the Arabs, who had conquered the native Berbers and had coexisted peacefully until the colonial era, were usurpers who had destroyed the European and Christian nature of the Berbers. Berbers were portrayed as having an elevated history as being more European and Christian and therefore more adaptable to French culture. | 22 | |
| 4019006476 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | To some extent, France did favor the Berbers and their History and also portrayed Arabs as more Islamic and less civilized. This led to an artificial seperation of Arabs and Berbers, and in modern times this culminates in a social, political, and cultural difference between Arabs and Berbers. | 23 | |
| 4019066317 | "Africa: French Colonies." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Ed. John Hartwell Moore. Vol. 1. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. 28-34. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. | Similarly, the population of Madagascar was largely racialized, a process that leaves racist traces well into the modern era. The colony was divided between the whites, Austronesian peoples, and the Africa peoples. Furthermore, racism was facilitated by the illustration of this racial divide on post cards during the reign of the French Empire. | 24 |
