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| 11394598948 | The Neolithic Revolution | The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle. Occured independently in a couple of different places. The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled peoples | 0 | |
| 11394618794 | Causes of the Neolithic Revolution | Climate Change, Difficulties of Hunting Gathering, and Human Modification of Environment, *the end of the Ice Age *Need for more food *Domestication of plants and animals *Improvements in technology | 1 | |
| 11394631213 | Effects of the Neolithic Revolution | -food surplus -specialization -villages, towns, cities -pottery -metallurgy *Growing population *Permanent settlement *More disease (often related to animals) *A negative change in diet *Social hierarchy and social stratification *Specialization of labor *Reduced environmental diversity *Development of civilizations | 2 | |
| 11394667214 | CATEGORIES (PERSIA) | Political Environmental/Economic Religious Social Intellectual Agricultural also: Militarily Culturally Morally | 3 | |
| 11394698325 | Patriarchy | A form of social organization in which males dominate females *men gained influence after the Neolithic Revolution *came along with urbanization and the rise of cities and states | 4 | |
| 11394729297 | Pastorialism | A type of agriculture activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter; nomadic domestication of animals | 5 | |
| 11394769455 | Civilization | *large states with elaborate political structures *economies based on agricultural surplus *specialization of labor *development of large urban centers *complex religious beliefs *social stratification *long-distance trading relationship with other civilizations *a common (written) language | 6 | |
| 11394718647 | The First Wave Civilizations | *Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys • Egypt in the Nile River valley • Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River valley • The Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He valley • The Olmecs in Mesoamerica • Chavín in Andean South America. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia and Babylonia—Sumerians, Akkadians and Babylonians—and Egypt and Nubia along the Nile Valley. |  | 7 |
| 11394953309 | Some Changes and Continuities | Changes: *Paleolithic to Neolithic *nomads to permanent settlers *hunter-gatherers to farmers *uncertain to reliable food supply *self-suffieiceny to trade *wood to metal *rise of leisure *domestication of animals Continuities: *gender norms *traditions and spoken languages *dependency on nature (rivers) *basic necessities *hierarchy *importance of religion *same communities | 8 | |
| 11394826881 | River Valley Civilizations | The River Valley civilizations that emerged on the Yellow River ( China ), the Indus River ( India ), the Nile River ( Egypt ), and between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ( Mesopotamia ) made lasting contributions to civilizations. Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Yellow River |  | 9 |
| 11394835851 | Mesopotamia | A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. ---Tigris and Euphrates ---unpredictable flooding ---limited resources ---taxes ---city states ---priests played an important role ---kings -- a representation of god ---army leaders ---scribes ---Code of Hammurabi -- Babylon ---crop diversity ---fertile crescent ---distinct hierarchy ---volative land Gods are evil and the world is bad and unpredictable |  | 10 |
| 11394867783 | Egypt | ---Nile River Valley ---predictable flooding twice a year ---abundance of natural resources ---easier transportation and communication along the river ---kings=gods ---theocracy ---distinct hierarchy ---less crop diversity |  | 11 |
| 11394899243 | Similarities Between Egypt and Mesopotamia | ---River Valley Civilizations ---Hierarchy ---Relgion ---Each felt as the "most developed on Earth" ---lived in isoloation, independently of each other ---rivers, irrigation ---labor specialization ---polytheistic ---written language ---development of arts ---patriarchy | 12 | |
| 11394800674 | Rig Veda | a collection of 1,017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text. | 13 | |
| 11394800676 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing. | 14 | |
| 11395046207 | Southernization | Developments that were first made in Southern Asia and then spread to other places through trade and conquest ---the compass ---gun powder ---trade ---silk ---iron ---printing ---the concept of the number 0 RAPID IMPROVEMENTS IN EVERY ASPECT OF ANCIENT LIFE | 15 | |
| 11395074302 | Classical Civilizations/ Second-Wave Civilizations | large civilizations with massive size and political strength, complex cultures, numerous and qualitative written records, complex long distance trade, increased contacts with other people, and more direct influence on modern civilization; in the Mediterranean, the Indian subcontinent, and East Asia. Greece, Rome, and Han China | 16 | |
| 11395065747 | Persia | an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC; ---the largest and most impressive ---Perisan Gulf ---Cyrus the Great and Darius ---Monarchy ---Satraps - Persian governors ---Jews returned to Babylon ---tolerance towards different religions ---adoption of forgeign technologies ---currency, taxes ---canal linking Nile and the Red Sea for trade ---Underground Irrigation ---Rich Agriculatural economy ---semi-arid climate |  | 17 |
| 11395065748 | Greece | Small city states that evolved into a huge empire with one comon language, belief, and religion ---called themselves Hellenes ---2-3 million ---mountains and valleys ---fragmented state --- made it hard to unite or govern ---deforestation and soil erosion ---frequent conflict between city-states ---citizenship ---army ---wealthy ppl at the top ---polytheism ---tyrants ---Sparta - military discipline ---democracy ---assembly - the center of political life ---united by Philip of Macedon and then expanded by Alexander the Great |  | 18 |
| 11395159077 | The Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. Greece won | 19 | |
| 11395170633 | Ionia | The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. |  | 20 |
| 11395178008 | Peloponnesian Wars | Wars from 431 to 404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece | 21 | |
| 11394807020 | Zoroastrianism | system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; talked about the constant struggle between good and evil | 22 | |
| 11395184701 | Roman Empire | Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. ---began as a small and poor city-state in Italy, 8th century BCE ---Republic ---Patricians dominated ---two counsils that excercised political authority ---plebeians -- the poor classes that were offered some protection by the written code of law ---rule of law, citizen's rights, morality ---richest provinces were in the east ---the army built the empire ---gender roles ---patriarchy ---slavery ---participation in political life ---transition from a republic to an empire ---careful not to vanish the traditions of the once-republic ---Creation of something new ---Christianity ---diversity ---didn't assimilate new peoples Collapse: ---disease ---too big to protect, many invasions ---political and economic instability |  | 23 |
| 11395254110 | China | ---chaos at first ---The Warring States Period ---reunification by Shinguangdi ---written language ---Legalism ---homogeneous society ---Restoring something old ---assimilated new peoples *In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things. |  | 24 |
| 11395275146 | The Warring States Period | time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E. |  | 25 |
| 11395262062 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. ---harsh punishments ---Qin ---burning of books | 26 | |
| 11395265539 | Confucionism | the system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucious and his disciple, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 27 | |
| 11395268753 | Daoism | A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature. | 28 | |
| 11395300876 | Similarities between the Roman and the Chinese Empires | ---civilizations ---defined themselves at universal terms ---invested heavilty in infrastructure --- roads, bridges, canals, protective walls ---emperors ---currency ---written language Collapse: ---got too big to maintain ---exploited their resources leading to environmental deterioration ---diminished political authority ---unstable economy ---climate changes ---spread of disease ---invasions --- | 29 | |
| 11395337664 | The Indian Empire | ---diversity of ethnicities, religions, languages ---Hindusim ---caste system ---Mauryan Empire ---Ashoka -- emperor who spread Buddhism and the idea of morality ---Gupta Empire -- peaceful, tolerant, improvements in art, science, math, medicine ---trade |  | 30 |
| 11401713974 | Upanishadas | Ancient relgious writings in Sanscrit that contain the central iodeas ad philosophies of Hindusim | 31 | |
| 11401745782 | Chinese and the Greek were more realistic | Persians, Indians, and the Jewish people were more into gods | 32 | |
| 11401757746 | The Age of the Warring States | ---Legalist answer: rules and laws; a strict system of awards and punishments; only the rulers of a country are smart and know how to act smartly in the long term; favored farmers, ignored scholars; Qin ---Confucionist Answer: no laws and punishments, educationl examination system, benevolence, patriarchy, ---Daoism: Laozi, ridiculed eduction and focus on morality, urged withdraw fromsociety and focused on the individual and nature; family life remained central to Chinese society; self-sufficiency, simplicity *dao-the elusive notion that refers to the way of nature, the underlying underchanging principle that govenrs all natural processes | 33 | |
| 11401969923 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A massive Chinese peasent upriseing inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony. | 34 | |
| 11401997476 | Civilization definition | Advanced cities; advanced technology, skilled workers, complex institutions, system of writing | 35 | |
| 11402044046 | Zhou Dynasty | the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced. | 36 | |
| 11402048081 | Qin Dynasty | (221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief. | 37 | |
| 11402053546 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy | 38 | |
| 11402063910 | Zhou - Qin - Han | Chinese dynasties | 39 | |
| 11402092119 | Aryan India - Mauryan Dynasty - Gupta Dynasty | Indian civilizations | 40 | |
| 11402095912 | Aryan India | Vedas, Ramayana, Sanskrit, Upanishadas, patriarchy, the Epic Age--period when great epics were created | 41 | |
| 11402150784 | Alexander the Great | Conquered Persia, Greece, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, parts of India Hellenistic Culture - blending of Greek, Perisan, Egyptian, and Indian cultures - later adopeted by the Romans | 42 | |
| 11402181041 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms ---reincarnation ---polytheistic ---ethnic religion ---oldest religion ---Samsara - the cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. ---Karma - our actions, the world's reaction ---Moksha - the ultimate goal, liberation from the cycle of Samsara ---caste system ---oppressed the poor | 43 | |
| 11402462288 | Jainism | a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion. ---Jina - one who achieves liberation from Samsara ---death and rebirth ---samsara ---Karma ---Ahimsa - non-violence ---Aparigratha - non-attachment to material things ---Anekantwad - no judgement, keeping an open mind | 44 | |
| 11402514509 | Buddhism | A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha. ---samsara ---karma ---reincarnation ---The Four Noble Truths ---The Eightfold Path ---appealed to the lower classes ---refutes Brahmins' eternal divinity | 45 | |
| 11402536854 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism; contain sacred hymns, poems, and rituals | 46 | |
| 11402543787 | Indian Caste System | system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions. |  | 47 |
| 11402555739 | Brahmins | Priests, at the top of the caste system which the Aryans made; handled the sacred rituals from the Vedas | 48 | |
| 11402570502 | Upanishads | Mystical and philosophical writings that sought to probe the inner meaning of sacrifices prescribed in the Vedas | 49 | |
| 11402587147 | Atman | in Hindu belief, a person's essential self; soul | 50 | |
| 11402592065 | Moksha | liberation or release of the individual self, atman, from the bondage of samsara; salvation; one of the four goals of life | 51 | |
| 11402602889 | dukkha | suffering, sorrow and misery | 52 | |
| 11402608250 | Nirvana | The state of englightenment for Buddhists. | 53 | |
| 11402618258 | Theravada | 'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods | 54 | |
| 11402623933 | Bodhisattva | a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment | 55 | |
| 11402642532 | Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews. ---earliest religion of the Jews ---monotheistic ---middle east ---ethnic ---10 Commandments ---the Torah | 56 | |
| 11402700115 | Greece | ---the gods of Mount Olymos ---argument, logic, and questioning ---Socrates - questioned Athenian democracy siding with Sparta, got in troube and was executed ---Plato, Aristotle, etc ---Chrsitianity was based off Plato's ideas | 57 | |
| 11402732024 | The Birth of Christianity | ---Jesus of Nazareth, a Jew ---stemed out from Judaism ---monotheistic ---appealed to poor people and women ---apostles, religion spread after Jesus' death ---resurrection - forgiveness of sin and salvation of beleivers ---a symbol of hope (Just like Buddhism) ---spread around the Roman empire ---persecution ---Edict of Milan ---Saint Paul | 58 | |
| 11402775599 | Edict of Milan | The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD, shortly after the emperor Diocletian and stopped the unfair treatment of Christians. | 59 | |
| 11402791216 | Buddhism in China | ---appealed to the lower classes ---challanged the emperor's authority, led to economic and political instablity | 60 | |
| 11402819855 | Democracy, Theather, Philosophy, Drama, Citizenship, Astronomy, Astrology, Medicine | Legacies of classical Greece | 61 | |
| 11402827408 | Islam | A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. ---monotheism ---8th century ad ---universal ---Mecca ---caliphs | 62 | |
| 11402848415 | Similarities between Islan, Judaism, and Christianity | ---monotheistic (Abrahamic) ---Jerusalem as a sacred city ---have their sacred texts ---angels ---tolerance and ethics ---covenant Judaism and Christianity had different interpretations of the Messiah --- | 63 | |
| 11402888639 | Ashoka | Spread Buddhism during the Mauryan Dynasty, after his death the Gupta empire rose where Hindu values were reinforced | 64 | |
| 11402917120 | Vishnu | A Hindu god considered the preserver of the world | 65 | |
| 11402920778 | Shiva | A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world. | 66 | |
| 11402929409 | Judaism stemed out from Zoroastrianism | Christinaity stemed out from Buddhism | 67 | |
| 11402935827 | Ascetisim | severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons. | 68 | |
| 11402962786 | The Persian Wars | between Greece and the Persian Empire, the Greeks won | 69 | |
| 11402970206 | Confucionism and Zoroastrianism | People should be responsible for their own behavior | 70 | |
| 11402995535 | Spread of Buddhism | Government sponsorship and Buddhist missionaires and merchants spread Buddhism through word of mouth and philantrophic activities | 71 | |
| 11403023466 | Social Hierarchy in China | emperor - elite of officials - landlords - peasents - merchants Both in India and China birth determined social class, less social mobility | 72 | |
| 11403055057 | Case System and Roman Slavery | ---race vs. war prisoners --- | 73 | |
| 11403065204 | Varna | caste, started off y religious differences, cannot go up and down | 74 | |
| 11403078530 | Jatis | a social group that does a particular job and that a person is born into. There are thousands of jatis. | 75 | |
| 11403308758 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay. |  | 76 |
| 11403308759 | Indian Ocean Trade | World's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa |  | 77 |
| 11403312329 | Trans-Saharan Trade | route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading |  | 78 |
