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| 13772912482 | Causes of WWI | - Alliances - Serbia (part of AH empire --> pushing for independence --> ethnic conflict in South Europe --> Archduke Ferdinand of AH assassinated by Serbian nationalist) - Nationalism (--> competition over natural resources that come from colonies --> competition over colonies) - Industrialization - Colonies - Resources | 0 | |
| 13800847265 | WWI new technology | machine guns, airplanes, tanks, trench warfare, submarines | 1 | |
| 13772923948 | Causes of WWII | - Treaty of Versailles and Hitler - US Sanctions on Japan | 2 | |
| 13800851607 | WWII New Technology | radar, aircraft carrier, rifles, machine guns, nuclear bombs | 3 | |
| 13772928053 | Mexican Revolution | - Purpose: overthrow the current ruler and dictator Porfirio Diaz Mori, who wanted to develop Mexico into an industrial and modernized country, but campaigned using bullying, which intimidated supporters - Distributed land to wealthy non-nationals in an attempt to strengthen ties with the US - Francisco Madero removed Diaz from office, but failed to implement land reforms he had promised - 1917: End of the Revolution, constitution of Mexico - 1942: Citizens saw their first glimmer of political solidarity/unity | 4 | |
| 13772928054 | Russian Revolution | - Accumulated tensions of Russian society exploded due to the pressures of WWI; people were exploited and suffered from wartime shortages - End of autocratic rule and establishment of a socialist/communist government; formation of Soviet Union | 5 | |
| 13772928090 | Chinese Revolution | - Chinese imperial system had collapsed in 1911, under the pressure of foreign imperialism, its own inadequacies and mounting internal opposition - 1921: small Chinese Communist Party was founded, aimed initially at organizing the country's minuscule urban working-class - CCP frontally addressed both of China's major problems: foreign imperialism and peasant exploitation - Expressed Chinese nationalism; demand for social change | 6 | |
| 13772930727 | Effects of WWI | - Suffrage movements revived and women received the right to vote in a number of countries - Independent nations rose with a principle based around "national self-determination" - Brought into existence a number of new states that were carved out of the old German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman empires - Millions of Asian and African men returned home with less respect for their rulers and with expectations for better treatment as a reward for their service - Brought US to center stage as a global power | 7 | |
| 13772930728 | Effects of WWII | - Total deaths = 60 million - The needs of the war drew huge numbers of women into both industry and the military - Soviet Union, women constituted more than half of the industrial workforce by 1945; almost completely dominated the field - Europe's greatly diminished role in the world registered internationally as its Asian and African colonies achieved independence - Development of communist values (Soviet Union) to mobilize all the state's resources for war | 8 | |
| 13772933177 | Great Depression | - the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s - Many countries depended on the US and so they suffered when the US suffered | 9 | |
| 13772933178 | How did Hitler come to power? | - German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust - Proclaimed a message of intense German nationalism cast in terms of racial superiority - A determination to rescue Germany from the humiliating requirements of the Treaty of Versailles | 10 | |
| 13800774345 | Holocaust | - A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy - It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disable | 11 | |
| 13800780112 | Armenian genocide | - the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries | 12 | |
| 13772933179 | How did Benito Mussolini come to power? | - Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power - WWI gave rise to resentful veterans, many of them unemployed, and to patriots who believed that Italy had not gained the territory it deserved from the Treaty of Versailles | 13 | |
| 13800785699 | Facism | A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition | 14 | |
| 13772939005 | Japanese Authoritarianism | - Newcomer to great power status - Had a rather limited experience with democratic politics - Major cabinet positions now went to prominent bureaucratic or military figures rather than to party leaders - The military exercised a more dominant role in political life - Censorship limited the responsibilities of free expression | 15 | |
| 13800795946 | league of nations | - an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations - ultimately failed | 16 | |
| 13800798559 | united nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. | 17 | |
| 13800804228 | New Deal | A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression | 18 | |
| 13800810249 | Collapse of Ottoman Empire | - The Ottoman Empire started to decline during the late 1800's when the Egyptians, Greeks, and Bosnians broke away due to nationalism - The empire collapsed after WWI | 19 | |
| 13800820154 | Collapse of Russian Empire | Russia unprepared technologically and economically for WWI, lack of leadership, huge losses to the army, shortages of food and basic goods at home, growing opposition to the tsar | 20 | |
| 13800834997 | Collapse of Qing Dynasty | Causes of the collapse: - Corruption - Population growth leading to food shortages - Incompetence - Pressure from Western Countries - The Chinese thought that China was too infiltrated by Westerners | 21 | |
| 13549563691 | Indian National Congress | - 1885 - Association of English-educated Indians - Did not initially seek to overthrow British rule, rather they hoped to gain greater inclusion within the political, military and business life of British India | 22 | |
| 13549565908 | Ho Chi Minh | - Held resistance when France tried to restore rule after Japan's defeat in 1945 - One of the original founders of the French communist party; took the lead in imagining a new Vietnamese nation-state | 23 | |
| 13549575760 | Muslim League | - 1906 - Political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created at the time of the partition of British India - Meant to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims | 24 | |
| 13549577480 | Al-Qaeda | - Terrorist group created by Osama Bin Laden - Supported by the same Taliban group the US had supported in the war in Afghanistan - Ultimate goal is to overthrow the corrupt "apostate" regimes in the Middle East and replace them with "true Islamic governments - Primary enemy is the US because they see them as the root cause of the Middle East's problems | 25 | |
| 13549587082 | Non-violence | - The use of peaceful means, not force, to bring about political or social change - Almost led to a violent response | 26 | |
| 13549590609 | Mohandas Gandhi | - 1893: accepted a job with an Indian firm in South Africa -- Personally experienced overt racism for the 1st time and soon became involved in organizing Indians to protest that country -- Developed a concept of India that included Hindus and Muslims alike and pioneered strategies of resistance that he would later apply to India itself - Quickly rose with the leadership ranks of the INC -- His radicalism was different as he did not call for social revolution but sough the moral transformation of individuals -- Opposed modern industrial future, seeking instead a society of harmonious self-sufficient villages drawing on ancient Indian principles of duty and morality | 27 | |
| 13549598016 | Martin Luther King Jr. | - American Baptist minister and activist who became the most well-known spokesperson and leader of the civil rights movement - Prominent leader in many important protests such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Birmingham Campaign, and the Great March on Washington - The nonviolent protests and activism led by MLK left a lasting impact on the civil rights movement, pushing the nation closer to racial equality | 28 | |
| 13549599474 | Nelson Mandela | - South Africa's nationalist leader - 1964: trailed for treason, sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of his country -- Spent the next 27 years in prison - 1994: becomes South Africa's first black president -- Linked South Africa to dozens of other countries across Africa, Asia and Oceania that had thrown off European rule or the control of white settlers during the 2nd half of the 20th century - Fought for the "ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with opportunity" | 29 | |
| 13549622572 | Partition of India | - Division of British India in 1947 which eventually accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan - The British leaders finally agreed that the partition was the best way to limit bloodshed between Hindus and Muslims within India - Pakistan ; Muslim - India ; Hindu | 30 | |
| 13549630366 | Metropoles | - The former colonizing country, usually in the major cities - Britain, France, US | 31 | |
| 13549632703 | Cold War | - Political and economic rivalry - Between the United States and Soviet Union -- Race to expand power and influence -- Effort to maximize power by outcompeting the other side - Disagreed in ideologies, as the US was capitalist and the Soviet Union was communist - US and Soviet Union don't actively fight one another | 32 | |
| 13549639755 | Superpowers | - Term first applied after World War II - State with a dominant position characterized by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale -- Combined-means of economic military, technological and cultural strengths, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence | 33 | |
| 13549649525 | NATO | - 1949 - Defensive alliance: if one country is attacked, then all the other countries will join in defensive of that country -- Collective security/balance one another | 34 | |
| 13549653614 | Warsaw Pact | - Collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland between the Soviet Union and 7 Eastern Bloc satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War - Response to NATO - Soviet Union creating a defense buffer zone | 35 | |
| 13549661823 | Proxy wars | - A war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved, but do support - Examples: Korean war, Vietnam war | 36 | |
| 13549664310 | Great Leap Forward | - 1958-1960 - Marked Mao's 1st response to industrialization - Promoted small-scale industrialization in the rural areas, envisaged an immediate transition to full communism in the peoples communes, rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for the transition | 37 | |
| 13549666959 | Non-Aligned Movement | countries that are looking for more peaceful alternatives and want to remain neutral during the war | 38 | |
| 13549670880 | Anti-Apartheid | - Movement for Africans to be accepted as civilized people within the existing order rather than overthrow it - Protests were peaceful; nonviolent civil disobedience | 39 | |
| 13549698070 | Military-Industrial Complex | - Informal alliance between a nation's military and the defense industry that supplies it -- Seen together as a vested interest which influences public policy | 40 | |
| 13549700276 | Soviet invasion of Afghanistan | - 1979 - Wanted to establish a communist government in Afghanistan against a growing uprising - US gave aid and assistance to Taliban to prevent the Soviet Union from taking over | 41 | |
| 13549704846 | End of the Cold War | - Expansions in US military spending the technological development - The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan -- Expensive war that did not go well for the Soviets - Economic weakness in communist countries -- Death of Mao lead to the abandonment of the CCP in China -- Popular movements toppled despised communist governments in Eastern Europe -- Efforts to save Soviet socialism from its accumulated problems through reforms by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union | 42 | |
| 13549713694 | Decolonization through negotiated independence | - India from the British Empire - The Gold Coast from the British Empire - French West Africa | 43 | |
| 13549737569 | Decolonization through armed struggle | - Alegria and Vietnam from the French Empire - Angola from the Portuguese Empire - Kenya from the British Empire | 44 | |
| 13549739321 | Impact of nationalism on push for decolonization | - Indian National Congress - Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina (Vietnam) - Kwame Nkrumah in British Gold Coast (Ghana) | 45 | |
| 13549747530 | Role of Communism in uniting people | - Communism as a whole - Pan-Arabism - Pan-Africanism | 46 | |
| 13549749499 | Mexican revolution causes | - Rose in opposition to neocolonialism and economic imperialism, and movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia and Latin America -- Sometimes advocating communism and socialism | 47 | |
| 13549751208 | Mexican revolution effects | - Ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic - Reestablished the economy and social systems - Land was divided up to peasants | 48 | |
| 13549759375 | Methods of decolonization | - European countries lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress far-away revolts - Strong nationalist movements/political unrest/boycotts - India; used British colonization mechanisms to decolonize themselves - Negotiation - War of independence | 49 | |
| 13549765166 | Causes of the Cold War | - Soon after the Russian Revolution, communist government became the source of fear/loathing to many in the Western capitalist world -- Soviet Union and US were now the world's major political/military powers --- Represented sharply opposed views of history, society, politics and international relations Conflict = inevitable | 50 | |
| 13772939006 | Green Revolution | - Borlaug crossed multiple varieties of wheat, creating a miracle crop in 1963; a high yield resistance wheat crop - Seed traveled across the globe, making many countries reach an increase in agricultural productivity - Helped with famines caused by booming populations - However, production also required dramatic applications of fertilizer and irrigation - Use caused severe environmental implications - Lack of biodiversity occurred when farmers only planted the highest yielding variety: mono cropping - Also caused economic disparity | 51 | |
| 13772945249 | Impacts of oil and nuclear power | - Bulk of the conflicts during the 20th century are a direct result of oil - Japanese decision to bomb pearl Harbor directly stems from an American oil embargo - War was fought using oil as a tech to aid the Allies - Oil is facilitating economic development around the world - Nuclear power could potentially be "clean" energy, as no fossil fuel emissions would occur | 52 | |
| 13800561860 | Internet | A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information | 53 | |
| 13800561919 | Radio communication | A form of communicating through radio | 54 | |
| 13800584167 | Cellular communication | form of communication technology that enables the use of mobile phones | 55 | |
| 13800639396 | Genetically modified agriculture | - plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods - usually for an advantage - can deplete soil of its nutrients | 56 | |
| 13800657453 | vaccines | - dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen - a weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus. | 57 | |
| 13800665280 | antibiotics | drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria | 58 | |
| 13800673857 | petroleum | Another name for oil | 59 | |
| 13800680500 | nuclear power | electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor | 60 | |
| 13800684167 | birth control | any method used to reduce births, including celibacy, delayed marriage, contraception; devices or medication that prevent implantation of fertilized zygotes, and induced abortions | 61 | |
| 13800688544 | deforestation | The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves | 62 | |
| 13800693106 | desertification | degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting | 63 | |
| 13800697384 | disease | - malaria, tuberculosis, cholera: related to poverty - HIV/AIDS, Ebola: new global epidemics - Diabetes, Heart disease: lifestyle disease - Alzhelmer's disease: affected elderly | 64 | |
| 13772947635 | 3 factors that impact the environment | - Growing population: more consumption, more demand of earth's resources - Fossil Fuels: drove industrialization process everywhere - Economic growth: modern science allowed for an increasing production of goods and services; the idea of economic growth or "development" as something possible and desirable took hold as a novel element of global culture | 65 | |
| 13772947636 | Global warming | - An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere - Vastly increased through burning of fossil fuels, which release heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as well as by the loss of trees that would otherwise remove CO2 from the air - Has interacted with a variety of social conditions: poverty, inequality, oppression, to generate or exacerbate conflict and upheaval | 66 | |
| 13772957958 | First wave environmentalism | - Western industrialization - Derived from a concern with deforestation, drought, and desertification, usually conflicted by colonial men - This approach sought to mobilize scientific expertise and state control to manage contain and tame modern assaults on the environment - Protecting remaining wilderness areas: yellow stone | 67 | |
| 13772957959 | Second wave environmentalism | - 1960s - Resource exhaustion and the collapse of industrial society in the face of unrelenting economic and population growth - Involvement and activism - Pollution, resource depletion, toxic waste, protecting wildlife habitats, nuclear power and nuclear testing, limiting development, climate change - "Deep ecology"; humans no longer the center of the Earth - "Environmental justice"; concerned with unequal impact on minorities and developing countries | 68 | |
| 13772957960 | Global South | - A term used to designate the less-developed countries located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere - Fewer larger organization - Involved more poor people in direct actions - Less engaged in political lobbying and corporate strategies - More concerned with issues of food security, health, and basic survival than with the rights of nature or wilderness protection - "Environmentalism of the poor" | 69 | |
| 13772961088 | Americanization | - America remained the world's most influential culture - Influence through movies, corporations, scientific research - English became a 2nd language | 70 | |
| 13772961089 | Re-globalization | - The quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great Depression and moving beyond them - US was determined to avoid any return to such Depression-era conditions - Technology helped advance that - Money mobility - Transnational corporations produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries | 71 | |
| 13772964124 | Consequences of re-globalization | - Soaring oil prices contributed to a severe stock market crash in 1973-1974 - Inability to repay mounting debts triggered a major financial crisis in Latin America during the 1980s - Worldwide economic contraction, 2008 - Globalization worsened the North/South Gap | 72 | |
| 13772964125 | Globalization of liberation | - Communism promised workers and peasants liberation from capitalist oppression - Nationalism offered subject peoples liberation from imperialism - Democracy sought liberation from authoritarian governments - Protest movements around the world suggested the emergence of a global culture of liberation | 73 | |
| 13772967325 | Feminism in the west | - Individual rights based discourse - More emphasis on gender - Very white issues - Women looked upon as inferior over men | 74 | |
| 13772967326 | Feminism in the Global South | - Sharply criticized Western feminism and its focus on motherhood, marriage, and sexuality - Intersectionality - Took shape around a wide range of issues, not all of which were explicitly gender based - Women have a different set of priorities than women in the West | 75 | |
| 13772970438 | UN Responses | - Universal Declaration of Human Rights: basic protections common to all people - International Court of Justice: settles disputes over International law brought to it by countries - Protection of Refugees: working through sub-agencies such as NGOs and UNHCER, UN provides food, medicine, and temporary shelter - Peacekeeping: UN frequently sends peacekeeping forces, consisting of civilians, police and troops from member countries to try to ease tensions in trouble spots | 76 |
