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| 3530602235 | WARNING | This is not based off of any sort of specific final reviews and simply uses Freeman-Pedia as a resource that follows the outline given to us. | 0 | |
| 3530602236 | What were early humans like in the Paleolithic Era? | Early humans were mobile and creative in adapting to different geographical settings from savanna to desert to Ice Age tundra. | 1 | |
| 3530602237 | When was fire first used? What was it used for? | Paleolithic Era; to aid hunting and foraging, to protect against predators, and to adapt to cold environments. | 2 | |
| 3530602238 | Neolithic Revolution | a fundamental change in the way people lived causing a shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture that led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations | 3 | |
| 3530602239 | What are characteristics of early agricultural societies? | Agriculturalists had a massive impact on the environment through intensive cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others, through the construction of irrigation systems, and through the use of domesticated animals for food and for labor. Populations increased; family groups gave way to village life and, later, to urban life with all its complexity. Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed, giving elite men concentrated power over most of the other people in their societies. Pastoralism emerged in arts of Africa and Eurasia. | 4 | |
| 3530602240 | Characterisitics of Pastoralism | Pastoral peoples domesticated animals and led their herds around grazing ranges. Like agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be more socially stratified than hunter-foragers. Because pastoralists were mobile, they rarely accumulated large amounts of material possessions, which would have been a hindrance when they changed grazing areas. The pastoralists' mobility allowed them to become an important conduit for technological change as they interacted with settled populations. | 5 | |
| 3530602241 | Which civilizations did the Neolithic Revolution significantly affect first? | Agriculture emerged at different times in Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Ande. | 6 | |
| 3530602242 | How did the Neolithic Revolution lead to the development of social and economic change? | Crops were domesticated depending on region; agricultural regions worked together to develop water control systems; These agricultural practices drastically impacted environmental diversity. Pastoralists also affected the environment by grazing large numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading to erosion when overgrazed. | 7 | |
| 3530602243 | How did the changing tactics for food production affect populations in the Neolithic Revolution? | Surpluses of food and other goods led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors, and the development of elites. | 8 | |
| 3530602244 | Effects of developments in technology during the Neolithic Revolution | Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation (Ex: Pottery, Plows, Woven textiles, Metallurgy, Wheels, and wheeled vehicles). | 9 | |
| 3530602245 | Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. | Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys, Egypt in the Nile River Valley, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley, Shang in the Yellow River and Huang He Valley, Olmecs in Mesoamerica, Chavín in Andean South America | 10 | |
| 3530602246 | Characteristics of early states | States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. | 11 | |
| 3530602247 | Early regions of state expansion or empire building | Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley. | 12 | |
| 3530602248 | Technology in early states | Compound Bows, Iron Weapons, Chariots, and Horseback riding | 13 | |
| 3530602249 | Examples of monumental architecture and urban planning in the Neolithic Era | Ziggurats, Pyramids, Temples, Defensive walls, Streets and Roads, Sewage and Water systems | 14 | |
| 3530602250 | ziggurat | a multi-storied temple tower from ancient Mesopotamia | 15 | |
| 3530602251 | cuneiform | a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. | 16 | |
| 3530602252 | quipu | recording devices historically used in the region of Andean South America | 17 | |
| 3530602253 | Code of Hammurabi | one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world | 18 | |
| 3530602254 | Zoroastrianism | one of the world's oldest religions, "combining a cosmogonic dualism and eschatological monotheism in a manner unique... among the major religions of the world." | 19 | |
| 3530602255 | Epic of Gilgamesh | an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (circa 2100 BC), it is often regarded as the first great work of literature | 20 | |
| 3530602256 | Summary of the Foundations (earliest known time in human history) to 600BCE | 1) Humans left Africa and began using tools and fire. 2) Neolithic Revolution (farming) around the river valleys gave way to civilization. 3)Civilization brought stratification & specialization 4) Civilization brought massive architecture and writing 5) Two early religions begin in this era (Hinduism and Judaism) | 21 | |
| 3530602257 | filial piety | a virtue of respect for one's father, elders, and ancestors. Usually associated with Confucianism. | 22 | |
| 3530602258 | Siddhartha Gautama | a Hindu prince who sought out to end suffering. He came up with his own 8-fold Path to Enlightenment and left Hinduism behind when he became... The Buddha ("Enlightened One"). | 23 | |
| 3530602259 | Buddhism | a philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha; follows the ideology of the Four Noble Truths and Karma. | 24 | |
| 3530602260 | The Four Noble Truths | the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. More simply put, suffering exists; it has a cause; it has an end; and it has a cause to bring about its end. | 25 | |
| 3530602261 | Karma | refers to good or bad actions a person takes during her lifetime | 26 | |
| 3530602262 | Ashoka | an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE. Helped to spread Buddhism throughout the world by encouraging merchants and travelers to make aspects of Hindu culture available to the rest of the world. | 27 | |
| 3530602263 | Branches of Buddhism | Mahayana - emphasizes a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone; the dominant religion of China and Tibet and Japan Theravada - emphasizes personal salvation through your own efforts; a conservative form of Buddhism that adheres to Pali scriptures and the non-theistic ideal of self purification to nirvana; the dominant religion of Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and Myanmar (Burma) and Thailand and Laos and Cambodia | 28 | |
| 3530602264 | Nirvana | a state in which the mind, enlightened as to the illusory nature of the self, transcends all suffering and attains peace. | 29 | |
| 3530602265 | Christianity | based on core beliefs about the teachings and divinity of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded by his disciples, drew on Judaism, and initially rejected Roman and Hellenistic influences. | 30 | |
| 3530602266 | Jesus of Nazareth | a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity; Son of God | 31 | |
| 3530602267 | Emperor Constantine | a Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. The first Roman emperor to claim conversion to Christianity, Constantine played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which decreed tolerance for Christianity in the empire | 32 | |
| 3530602268 | The Holy Bible | a collection of texts sacred in Judaism and Christianity. It is an example of a collection of scriptures written at different times by different authors in different locations. | 33 | |
| 3530602269 | Messiah | a saviour or liberator of a group of people, most commonly in the Abrahamic religions. | 34 | |
| 3530602270 | Edict of Milan | a proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire. | 35 | |
| 3530602271 | SPICE for Roman Empire | S - Roman society had multiple, overlapping social hierarchies based off of relationships; patriarchal rule (Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens throughout the Republic and Empire, but did not vote, hold political office, or serve in the military) P - Empire that was run by a republican oligarchy (made up of a Senate) I - elevated & underground aqueducts; sewage systems; Massive road building projects linked crucial parts of the empires C - Colosseum, Pantheon, Hippodrome, Baths; Tragedy-style plays were popular E - economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire; Prestige could be obtained through investing one's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately: grand country estates or townhouses, durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware, public entertainments, funerary monuments for family members or coworkers, and religious dedications such as altars. | 36 | |
| 3530602272 | SPICE for the Han Dynasty | S - Peasantry fell into poverty; the "yelllow turbans" led Daoist revolts because taxes were too high; peasants were the highest taxed. P - Emperors were inconsistent with their rule of the region; bureaucrats and protesters were executed; generals held a lot of political power; there was a 350 year period without emperors where the generals made themselves the government leaders. I - water conservation and irrigation projects were built and greatly expanded production. Cattle, and iron farm tools were used at large to plough the land, and planting skills were also improved greatly so that one hectare of field could be seeded in a day. C - Confucianism declined due to Buddhism's increasing popularity; Men gained the most power E - Farming was monopolized by the upper class; Silk Road trade collapsed temporarily | 37 | |
| 3530602273 | SPICE for the Mauryan/Gupta Empire | S - Held a large caste system; patriarchy P - various changes in leadership that led to inconsistencies in the diplomatic relations that both empires had I - European migrants moved throughout India for the forests that provided religious value C - There were conflicts between Hindu and Buddhist supporters; both religions held a significant amount of people that followed their beliefs E - The Silk Road stimulated their economy by allowing for widespread trade; used agriculture to move toward industrialization; held a tax system that produced a lot of revenue | 38 | |
| 3530602274 | The Silk Road | an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea during various periods of time; Ran from Eastern China to Northern Africa; opened up by the Han Dynasty; fell due to decreased protection of merchants | 39 | |
| 3530602275 | Indian Ocean Trade | Eurasian merchants reached the eastern coast of Africa through sea lanes in the Indian ocean (India, Persia, Rome, Malay). Bantu migration allowed for the formation of complex societies on the eastern coast and increased trade with Indian Ocean merchants. It eventually led to Roman trade with India; helped to spread Muslim, Buddhist, and Hindu culture | 40 | |
| 3530602276 | Trans-Saharan Trade | Trade was primarily located in northern part of Africa. Flourishing cities that developed around the Trans-Saharan trade route resulted in thriving population growth. Popular exchanges had consisted of: spices and iron from Kush and India, tools, ceramics, silk and beads from Europe and Asia. It made camels necessary for transportation of trade goods | 41 | |
| 3530602277 | Effects of Monsoons | The monsoon had been dealt with by sailors in a way that they crossed the Arabian Sea in winter in all directions. As a result, trade was effected because of the fact that sailors had to adapt to the winds caused by the monsoon, otherwise they would put themselves at risk when traveling. | 42 | |
| 3530602278 | Ibn Battuta | an explorer of Berber descent, who is widely recognised as one of the greatest travelers of all time. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa and Eastern Europe, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. | 43 | |
| 3530602279 | Marco Polo | an Italian merchant traveller whose travels are recorded in Livres des merveilles du monde (Book of the Marvels of the World, also known as The Travels of Marco Polo, c. 1300), a book that introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China. He provided a deeper understand on mercantilism in Asia. | 44 | |
| 3530602280 | Xuanzang | a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang dynasty. He became famous for his seventeen-year overland journey to India, which is recorded in detail in the classic Chinese text Great Tang Records on the Western Regions | 45 | |
| 3530602281 | Technological innovations which helped trade | acquisition of iron; rice cultivation; irrigation systems | 46 | |
| 3530602282 | the Plague | caused by the widespread trade and military conquests which allowed for the epidemic to reach a numerous amount of regions. It ended up decreasing populations significantly, and hurt the amount of food production. | 47 | |
| 3530602283 | Islam in the Post-Classical Age | This monotheistic religion is centered around the god Allah, and based on the teachings of Muhammad, who was believed to be a prophet of Allah. The religion was founded in Mecca on the Arabian peninsula. The Qaran contains written texts of Muhammad's teachings, and the Hadith is an account of his words. The Sharia contains guidelines on law and behavior. This religion of salvation believed in rewards for good deeds and punishment for wicked ones. Those who followed it believed in a jihad, or struggle against evil and ignorance.They also believed in the Five Pillars of their faith. | 48 | |
| 3530602284 | Muhammed | the Prophet of Islam, is seen by non-believers as its founder, but by almost all Muslims as its last prophet sent by God to mankind to restore Islam, which they believe to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. | 49 | |
| 3530602285 | Branches of Islam | Sunni - a denomination of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad's first Caliph was his father-in-law Abu Bakr. Shi'ia - branch that holds Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, not Abu Bakr, was his first caliph. | 50 | |
| 3530602286 | Sundiata Keita | The founder of the Mali empire, which included Ghana and other neighboring regions. Also called the lion prince. | 51 | |
| 3530602287 | Gold Trade | As trans-Saharan trade increased,Ghana became the center for gold trade, which was in high demand in the Mediterranean basin and other Islamic regions. The kings strengthened their realm by controlling and taxing the gold trade with Muslims. | 52 | |
| 3530602288 | Confucianism | a system of philosophical and "ethical-sociopolitical teachings" sometimes described as a religion; filial piety; Confucianism is perhaps best understood as an all-encompassing humanism that neither denies nor slights heaven | 53 | |
| 3530602289 | Confucius | China's most famous teacher, philosopher, and political theorist, whose ideas have influenced the civilization of East Asia; founder of Confucianism | 54 | |
| 3530602290 | rice cultivation | introduction of new strains of rice, along with improved methods of water control and irrigation, that allowed for a larger amount of rice to be produced (helping to increase the population) | 55 | |
| 3530602291 | Mali Empire | This empire was established during the first half of the 13th century by Sundiata, and encompassed Ghana and other neighboring regions. It greatly benefited from trans-Saharan trade, and controlled and taxed nearly all trade passing through west Africa. It's capital city of Niani attracted gold merchants, and Timbuktu, Gao, and Jenne also became prosperous trading cities. They honored Islam and accommodated Islamic merchants, but did not force it on their people. Mansa Musa ruled this empire during its high point. After his reign, the empire declined due to factions, provinces seceding, and military pressure from other kingdoms and nomads. | 56 | |
| 3530602292 | Ghana | This kingdom was situated between the Senegal and Niger rivers in sub-Saharan Africa. The kings of this kingdom strengthened their realm by controlling and taxing the gold trade with Muslims. Salt was an important commodity that they traded gold for. Koumbi-Saleh became the capital and principle trading site of this kingdom. A large army was financed through taxing trade that passed through the kingdom. The kingdom converted to Islam by the 10th century, which improved relations with Muslim merchants and gained them recognition and support from Muslim states in Northern Africa. The kings and people continued to observe traditional religious customs. Raids from desert nomads weakened this kingdom and led to its collapse. | 57 | |
| 3530602293 | Downfall of Tang/Song dynasties | political instability that led to confusion among leadership; peasant revolts; attacks from outside forces | 58 | |
| 3530602294 | feudalism | a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. | 59 | |
| 3530602295 | the Columbian Exchange | the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries. (Ex: New World received banana, onion, sugar cane, grapes, etc.; Old World received corn, turkey, squash, pumpkin, cacao bean, etc.) | 60 | |
| 3530602296 | What negative affects did the Columbian Exchange bring to the Old World? | Diseases that were strong enough to fight their immune systems, which killed them quickly (Ex: smallpox, measles, and influenza). | 61 | |
| 3530602297 | Renaissance | a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age. It stimulated a significant amount of cultural exchange in the arts. | 62 | |
| 3530602298 | humanism | a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over unthinking acceptance of dogma or superstition. | 63 | |
| 3530602299 | What affect did humanism have on the way that people lived? | This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. | 64 | |
| 3530602300 | Reformation | This was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's delayed but forceful response to the Protestants. | 65 | |
| 3530602301 | Martin Luther | a German friar, priest, professor of theology, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He led the Protestant Reformation and wrote "The 95 Theses" which sparked a religious revolt. | 66 | |
| 3530602302 | "The 95 Theses" | The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences. (This mainly complained about the fact that the Catholic Church held more power than God wanted them to have) | 67 | |
| 3530602303 | John Calvin | a prominent French theologian during the Protestant Reformation and the father of the theological system known as Calvinism. | 68 | |
| 3530602304 | Calvinism | the theological system associated with the Reformer John Calvin that emphasizes the rule of God over all things as reflected in its understanding of Scripture, God, humanity, salvation, and the church. | 69 | |
| 3530602305 | Counter-Reformation | Decrees were issued covering every aspect of Church authority, from the holding of multiple offices, to the chastity of priests, and monastic reform. | 70 | |
| 3530602306 | Roman Inquisition | a system of tribunals developed by the Holy See of the Roman Catholic Church, during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes relating to religious doctrine or alternate religious doctrine or alternate religious beliefs. (They prosecuted opponents of the church) | 71 | |
| 3530602307 | Byzantine Empire | Constantine and Justinian were the prominent emperors. Justinian used resources and taxes often, and riots were commonly taken down by imperial army. Justinian created Justinian's Code, which consolidated the roman rules. Defended strongly at Constantinople against Islamic and Germanic attacks. | 72 | |
| 3530602308 | The Crusades | The Crusades were military campaigns sanctioned by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. The first of the Crusades began in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land. After the First Crusade achieved its goal with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, the invading Christians set up several Latin Christian states, even as Muslims in the region vowed to wage holy war (jihad) to regain control over the region. Deteriorating relations between the Crusaders and their Christian allies in the Byzantine Empire culminated in the sack of Constantinople in 1204 during the Third Crusade. Near the end of the 13th century, the rising Mamluk dynasty in Egypt provided the final reckoning for the Crusaders, toppling the coastal stronghold of Acre and driving the European invaders out of Palestine and Syria in 1291. | 73 | |
| 3530602309 | The Mongol Empire | Established by Chinggis Khan, this empire was the largest the world has ever seen. It had a military and political structure based on merit and loyalty, and clans were broken up in order to unite all the tribes. Its capital was later established at Karakorum. The empire's army had outstanding equestrian and bow-and-arrow skills, were very mobile, and understood the psychology of warfare (sparring those who surrendered, slaughtered those who resisted). They led conquests in northern China, Persia (where Chinggis destroyed the conquered lands and massacred hundreds of thousands), Tibet, and the central Asian steepes. At its height, the empire controlled most of China, central Asia, Persia, and the Russian steppes. Chinggis Khan died without establishing a central government (Mongol overlords controlled local administrations and extracted tribute). A struggle for power among Chinggis' relatives caused the empire to be divided up into four realms. | 74 | |
| 3530602310 | Religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire | They promoted Buddhism and supported Daoists, Muslims, and Christians. Their wide-range of religious values allowed them to respect | 75 | |
| 3530602311 | Mongol effects on trade | They re-established the Silk Road and did what they could to stimulate as much trade as possible (helping their economy (as well as those of nations that worked with them). | 76 | |
| 3530602312 | How did the Mongols fall from power? | After the death of Chingghis Khan, there was no longer a leader that could be as consistent in leading the Mongols. This led to a large power-struggle which eventually made it easy for outside forces to gain control of the empire. | 77 | |
| 3530602313 | Zheng He | an admiral and diplomat who helped to extend Chinese maritime and commercial influence throughout the regions bordering the Indian Ocean. | 78 | |
| 3530602314 | Ottoman Empire SPICE | S - Where you lived and your occupation decides your class. (merchants, artisans, peasants, ruling elite); Pashas = tax collectors P - Sultan; problem of fratricide - all power rests with him, this power is hereditary causing brothers to kill each other for the throne. Ghazi - political warriors; Devshirme - where they gather up Christian slaves and convert them then either put them in the army or to learn depending on how smart you are. I - Defeated the Byzantines and captured Constantinople using gunpowder & siege warfare C - They were predominantly Muslim but were pretty lenient on other religions within a millet but they have to pay a tax for being a different religion as long as its Christianity or Judaism because they are similar.They also used guns and cannons and had a very well trained cavalry; Invested a lot in the art of architecture E - They had control of the Mediterranean so the Ottomans had a monopoly on the European's market; | 79 | |
| 3530602315 | Safavid Empire SPICE | S - Warrior nobles were assigned villages, whose peasants were required to supply them and their troops with food and labor. P - Challenged the Ottomans for leadership of the Islamic world; Extensive bureaucracy; fear of succession of rulers led to violence & oppression I - Battle of Chaldiran between Shiite and Sunnis (Ottoman Sunnis won with the use of gunpowder) C - Isfahan (square-like with shops, mosques, government offices, arches, and gardens); styled with vivid ceramic tiles, geometric designs, floral patterns, and versus from the Quran, gardens, and reflecting pools E - Network of roads and guarantees of safety for foreign merchants and travelers; Encouraged trade with India, China, and Portuguese (later Dutch & English) | 80 | |
| 3530602316 | Mughal Empire SPICE | S - Muslim and Hindu aristocrats were granted peasant villages for their support in return for cavalry and responding to emperor demands. There were also restrictive practices for women (seclusion and veiling). P - Founders were displaced princes in search of a new kingdom I - Babur crushed the last ruler of the Muslim Lodi dynasty of Northern India while severely outnumbered (12,000 to their 100,000). Major overseas destination for Asian products in return for Indian cotton textiles C - Akbar created the divine faith which mixed in different religions then Aurangzeb got rid of it; architecture was valued (the Taj Mahal was built at this time). E - Head taxes on non-believers fell on poor Hindus, who could not afford them & caused resistance. THis was also a major overseas destination for Asian products in return for Indian cotton textiles. | 81 | |
| 3530602317 | Zamendars | local official, took taxes, and took a cut then sent the rest to the government. If there was a weak Shah the Zamendars would regain control of and split a part from the empire which caused the decline of the empire. | 82 |
