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| 9965332993 | The Early Middle Ages 500-1000 CE | During this era Germanic tribes that had invaded the Roman empire settled into various parts of Europe. Most inhabitants of these kingdoms were pastoral nomads or subsistence farmers, and their political leaders were tribal chieftains. Very few people could read and write, little long-distance trade took place, and settlements were mainly villages and towns. | 0 | |
| 9965332994 | The High Middle Ages 1000-1500 CE | About midway through the middle ages, signs of recovery began, accelerating especially after about 1200. Towns grew, small cities emerged, trade with other areas of the eastern hemisphere were established, and the social class system grew more complex with the emergence of a middle class. By the end of the era, the European renaissance was well entrenched in Italy and was spreading into Northern Europe. | 1 | |
| 9965332995 | The Middle Ages | The economic system that evolved in Western Europe during early medieval times was manorialism, which defined both economic and political obligations between lords and present laborers. Most people were serfs who lived on and we're tired to self-sufficient agricultural estates (manors). | 2 | |
| 9965332996 | Developments of the 19th century | At first, the serf's labor was difficult as they tried to use wooden plows for the heavy soil's of France and Germany, but during the 19th century a better plow with an iron plate, the moldboard, made the work a little easier. Another 19th century development was a new three fields system, which improved productivity through a rotation of crops that involved leaving 1/3 of the fields unplanted each year. | 3 | |
| 9965332997 | Fourth century | The Roman Emperor Constantine moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople on the Bosporus between the black sea and the Mediterranean Sea. He converted to Christianity. | 4 | |
| 9965332998 | Byzantine Empire | After the Western Roman empire fell, the eastern empire lived on for almost 1000 years, known during most of that time as the Byzantine Empire, after "Byzantium,", the town that Constantine renamed "Constantinople" as the capital city. The empire controlled eastern Mediterranean until the 12th century. | 5 | |
| 9965332999 | The Byzantine Empire threats | The major political threat of the early Byzantine Empire was the Sassanid Empire to the east. | 6 | |
| 9965333000 | Byzantine Empire emperor | The most important of the early Byzantine Emperor was Justinian, who ruled from 527 to 565 CE. Like Constantine, Justinian put a great deal of time, money, and effort into public buildings in Constantinople, most notably for the Hagia Sophia, or Church of Holy Wisdom, one of the most important examples of Christian architecture in the world. | 7 | |
| 9965400272 | Previous to c. 600- c. 1400 | Early inventions include camel saddles, stirrups, silk making techniques, and steel plow. | 8 | |
| 9965400273 | c. 600- c. 1400 | Soil has been depleted of its nutrients in most areas of the Roman empire, a factor that contributed to the decline of the civilization. | 9 | |
| 9965400274 | How Islam spread | Islam was a missionary religion, deliberately spread by its adherents. | 10 | |
| 9965400275 | Buddhism in China | Buddhism became a very important force in China during this era, and made its way to Korea, Japan, and south east Asia. Christianity became an important organizing force in most parts of Europe. | 11 | |
| 9965400276 | c. 600- c. 1400 | Technologies spread from their origins, and many more cultural exchanges took place. | 12 | |
| 9965400277 | c. 600- c. 1400 | Virtually all water and land trade routes grew more complex, bringing more goods to more people, but the spread of disease accelerated as well, with the appearance of the bubonic plague as an international epidemic in the 14th century. | 13 | |
| 9965400278 | c. 600- c. 1400 | In the Americas, Teotihuacan and Tenochtitlan also developed as cities, but they had no contact with the cities in the east. However, by the time the era ended in 1450, the world was already beginning to change as Europeans prepared to set sail on the Atlantic ocean. | 14 | |
| 9965400279 | Arabic language within the Islam caliphate | One unifying force within the Islam caliphate was the widespread use of the Arabic language. Arabs borrowed an invention from China - paper - to share writing cheaply and easily, making the production of books possible. | 15 | |
| 9965400280 | Poetry within Islam's golden age | Probably their greatest literary art was poetry, with thousands of poems created during Islam's golden age. | 16 | |
| 9965400281 | Arabic numerals in India | Despite the implication of the name, Arabic numerals were an invention first devised in classical India. This system is a vast improvement over old numerical systems, such as Roman numerals, because it allows for calculations not possible before, particularly of large sums in the millions and billions. Muslims during the Abbasid age built on the Indian system to develop algebra, and to calculate distances of far away objects in the heavens, including those that form the Milky Way. | 17 | |
| 9965400282 | Benefits of Christianity | Christianity, like Islam, provided order and organization that political leaders did not offer. | 18 | |
| 9965526024 | When was Suez Canal completed? | 1869 | 19 |
