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| 9245274354 | What did Peter the Great want to do? | modernize Russia | 0 | |
| 9245288242 | How did Peter the Great learn about western European countries? | He visited them in disguise | 1 | |
| 9245293701 | What did Peter the Great accomplish? | -established the 1st newspaper in Russia -better education in Russia -introduced the potato -made Boyars dress like western nobles - improved women's rights -established St. Petersburg ("window on the sea") | 2 | |
| 9245323438 | Philip II | -strict Catholic king of Netherlands and Spain -sent the Duke of Alva to root out heresy in the Netherlands/convert it to Catholicism which led to the war for Dutch independence | 3 | |
| 9245340663 | Louis XIV was the... (sorry this is a weird question) | -sun king -most powerful monarch in French history | 4 | |
| 9245446891 | Who ruled when Louis XIV was too young to rule? | Cardinal Mazarin | 5 | |
| 9245473136 | Louis XIV accomplishments | -made France the cultural and economic center of Europe -built Versailles to distract nobles -tried to get more land (War of Spanish Succession) | 6 | |
| 9245814362 | The French Revolution | a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799; it was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire | 7 | |
| 9245838163 | What does the acronym MEAT mean? | It is a way to remember the causes of the French Revolution. M- Monarchy: Louis XIV was not a very good leader & Marie Antoinette and Louis XIV spent much of the government's money on their expensive lifestyle E- Enlightenment Ideas: ideas of social contract and natural rights arose; people argued that the King was violating their natural rights to life, liberty, and property; people believed that they were able to govern themselves A- American Revolution: inspired people (saw a group of people overthrow their king and start a democracy and they wanted that as well) & since the French had helped America win their revolution, it cost France a lot of money and contributed to their debt T- Taxes, Taxes, Taxes: enforced taxes to pay for expensive lifestyle of royal family and for the American Revolution expenses; unfair taxing due to the social system (only the poorest people (Third Estate) had to pay taxes) | 8 | |
| 9245932096 | Social class system of revolutionary France: | First Estate: was made up of the clergy, who owned 10 % of the land but made up only 1% of the population; did not pay taxes Second Estate: Nobility; 2 % of population but owned 25% of land; rented land; charged dues and rents to peasants; paid almost no taxes (exempt from all direct taxes) | 9 | |
| 9245972591 | Abbe Sieyes | - Sympathetic to the Third Estate - Declared the nobility was a useless caste that could be abolished without loss | 10 | |
| 9245990677 | Women's Movement | The women's society was created -founded by Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe -illustrates the political consciousness of women during the revolution. - they frequented the bleachers of the Convention to hear the debates - became increasingly radical and demanded stricter control of bread prices and other commodities, and even brawled with working market women whom they thought to be insufficiently revolutionary The Jacobins feared turmoil and banned the society | 11 | |
| 9246049317 | Maximilien Robespierre | A radical Jacobin leader during the Reign of Terror - "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible" - "Softness to traitors will destroy us all." - believed that terror was the order of the day | 12 | |
| 9246062744 | Reign of Terror | - designed to fight the enemies of the revolution, to prevent counter-revolution from gaining ground - most of the people rounded up were not aristocrats, but ordinary people - The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months. - The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000! - Public executions were considered educational. Women were encouraged to sit and knit during trials and executions. | 13 | |
| 9246087249 | Napoleon Bonaparte | - overthrew the government in a coup d'etat - military genius; was able to defeat coalitions brought against him - Horatio Nelson prevented him from invading England - hurt by the Russian winter - sentenced to exile on the island of Elba but escaped Elba and returned to France i a period called the Hundred Days - last battle at Waterloo - exiled again, this time to the island of St. Helena where he eventually dies of natural causes | 14 | |
| 9248509329 | influence of commercial revolution | rise in capitalism, joint stock companies, mercantilism, economic self-sufficiency, and overseas colonization- all factors that spurred the industrial revolution | 15 | |
| 9248511347 | influence of agricultural revolution | allowed landowners to experiment in their larger fields to increase crop output. These farming methods first developed in the Netherlands, where farmland was scarce, and then spread to England; crop rotation | 16 | |
| 9248511348 | influence of scientific revolution | saw new inventions and experimentation that would lead to better agricultural practices and machines for industry. | 17 | |
| 9249218371 | Charles "turnip" Townsend | Introduced crop rotation to England. Crop rotation= during the middle ages the farmers used a 3 field rotation leaving one field fallow every third year to preserve nutrients. The dutch discovered that by alternating between grain and nitrogen producing plants (such as beans, peas, clover, turnips) the soil would restore itself. | 18 | |
| 9249266262 | Why did the IR begin in Britain? | 1- it is an island nation with no part of it being more than 20 miles from the sea & had an abundance of rivers/canals/harbors-- cheaper to ship goods by sea than land 2-atlantic market (dominated by england) provided a market for manufactured goods. growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, & a climate of progress contributed to the increased demand for goods 3- enclosure movement in england provided a large class of mobile workers in England 4- england had natural resources- coal/water to power machines, iron to make them 5- englands improved farming methods allowed low food prices and families had enough money for manufactured goods 6- no internal tariffs in england to restrict trade like in france/germany 7- good banking system (central bank and credit markets) 8- stable gov supportive of industry and practiced laissez-faire 9- england had all the factors of productions (land, labor, capital) necessary | 19 | |
| 9254544938 | textile industry | The first industry to industrialize. Originally textiles were part of a cottage industry where merchants gave raw materials to workers who manufactured the cloth using hand tools. While the system provided cheap cloth, by the 18th century the cottage industry was not meeting demands. The problems of spinning wool or flax put the focus of the textile industry on cotton (cheaper and more available). The bottle neck was the weaving which took a long time on hand looms. An english mechanist, John Kay, in 1733 invented the flying shuttle which doubled the amount of work a weaver could do. The spinners could no longer produce enough thread for the weavers. James Hargreaves invented the spinning Jenny that allowed one spinner to do 8 threads. This led to the power loom which sped up weaving (1787- Edmund Cartwright) and the cotton gin. Textiles were cheaper and profits soared. | 20 | |
| 9255168602 | Absolute monarch | Monarch that claimed they had absolute power from God to rule | 21 | |
| 9255179980 | Maria Theresa | -ruler of Austria-Hungary -her father, Charles VI, wrote the Pragmatic Sanction to protect her from other monarchs attacking -Prussia attacked Austria-Hungary to get Silesia during her rule in the War of Austrian Succession | 22 | |
| 9255201326 | Imperialism | a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force | 23 | |
| 9255341929 | Innovations | - developed industrial economies and a powerful military force - breechloader - the Maxim gun (machine gun) - the steamboat - quinine (drug that protected Europeans from malaria) All lowered the costs financially and in European lives making imperialism cost-effective | 24 | |
| 9255457685 | What is the significance of Africa in terms of Imperialism? | - David Livingstone traveled deep into central Africa - When several years passed with no word from him an American news reporter named Henry Stanley went looking for Livingstone - gave King Leopold II of Belgium (who had financed Stanley) a claim to the Congo region of Africa - Eventually all of Africa would be divided up with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia | 25 | |
| 9255537696 | Apartheid | - means apartness - White, European descendants in South Africa controlled 87% of the land and all the mineral resources of the country - Black, African descendants were forced to live in townships, could not talk to more than two people at a time, could not publish anything, could not talk to the press and had to carry a passbook at all times showing where they had permission to be | 26 | |
| 9255578821 | Impact of Imperialism of the global economy | World superpowers were able to access raw materials that they weren't able to access before and were therefore able to produce more manufactured goods to use in trade with other countries | 27 | |
| 9255716404 | Sphere of Influence | a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority | 28 | |
| 9255728794 | Opium Wars | - China decided to crack down on opium use so they banned the trade of opium which hurt Britain's economy so Britain went to war with them to try to earn trading rights. - The British won both the first and second Opium Wars | 29 | |
| 9255854010 | Goals of the Taiping Rebellion | - Radical redistribution of land - Equality of men and women - End of foot binding, prostitution, and opium smoking - Expulsion of all "foreigners" - Transformation of China into an industrial nation with railroads, health care for all, universal public education, etc. | 30 | |
| 9255893978 | Why did the Taiping Rebellion fail? | - Divisions and indecisiveness within leadership - Inability to link up with other rebel groups throughout China - Western military support for pro-Qing forces | 31 | |
| 9255906676 | What were some of the effects of the Taiping rebellion on China? | - Weakening of the Qing centralized government - Disruption and weakening of China's economy - Destruction and devastation to the land - Estimated 20-30 million lives lost - Continued social instability | 32 | |
| 9255870654 | The Boxer Rebellion | - Anti-foreign movement - Led by militia organizations called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists - "Boxers" killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians and attacked the foreign embassies in Beijing - made it clear that China was a dependent country under foreign control | 33 | |
| 9255939128 | What was Imperialism like in India? | - the British had wrestled control of India from the French during the Seven Years War - the Mughal Empire was collapsing and dozens of small states ruled by maharajahs, begin breaking away from Mughal rule. The East India Company took advantage of the collapse of the Mughals to gain control of most of India - Lord Cornwallis (Battle of Yorktown) worked to end corruption in the company and to end practices like slavery and the killing of infant girls in India - suttee (jumping into funeral pyre) was banned | 34 | |
| 9255971037 | Sepoys and the Sepoy Rebellion | - native Indian soldiers used by the British - rebelled in 1857, they mutinied, killing their officers cause- the Enfield rifle (A rumor began to circulate that the cartridges had been packed in beef and pork fat. Cows are sacred to Hindus and Muslims do not eat pork, so biting the cartridges would be sacrilegious.) | 35 | |
| 9255996331 | Raj | - the part of India under British rule | 36 | |
| 9256039032 | What was British influence in India like (pros and cons)? | - pros: the building of railroads, a modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals allowed India to modernize - cons: the British held political and economic power, restricted Indian industries forcing the people of India to buy manufactured goods (like textiles) from England, forced to plant cash crops instead of food crops (many people in India starved), British customs and Christianity threatened India's traditional religions and life. | 37 | |
| 9255249877 | What are the motives for the revival of imperialism? | 1. The Industrial Revolution- increased the demand for raw materials and markets where goods could be sold 2. Social Darwinism- leaders thought gaining colonies strengthened a nation's military security 3. Nationalism- people believed an empire was a symbol of national success and glory 4. Fear of Malthus- surplus population of nations could migrate to colonies 5. The wish to Christianize other people in the world 6. "White Man's Burden" By Rudyard Kipling- the wish to educate and civilize the less fortunate | 38 | |
| 9255369448 | Absolutism | A political system in which a monarch has total power | 39 | |
| 9255377815 | Scientific Revolution | A new way of thinking about the natural world; came about because of careful observation and people being willing to question their beliefs | 40 | |
| 9255397195 | heliocentric theory and people that contributed to it | -the Sun is the center of the solar system, and planets orbit around it -Copernicus first formed this theory but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish a book about it -Brahe collected the data that proved this theory but didn't do anything with it -Kepler used Brahe's data and his discovery of elliptical orbits to prove this theory | 41 | |
| 9255433463 | Galileo Galilei | -disproved many of Aristotle's theories of physics -used a telescope to study space and further prove the heliocentric theory -the church put him under house arrest and he had to say that his theories were wrong to avoid getting executed | 42 | |
| 9255466222 | Anton van Leeuwenhoek | discovered bacteria using the microscope (which he did not invent) | 43 | |
| 9255528969 | Italian unification | -made up of many city-states -was relatively easy to unite because the city-states had similar culture and religion -Austria was in north Italy and Spain was in south Italy but Italy could unify once those countries left | 44 | |
| 9255473317 | Nationalism | love of one's country; having loyalty to the country, not the person ruling it | 45 | |
| 9255489816 | Congress of Vienna | -Representatives for European countries met in Vienna after the Napoleonic Wars to create a balance of power in Europe so not one country could become to powerful -dominated by the Austrian prime minister, Klemens von Metternich -most of the representatives were conservative and wanted to revert back to the ways of Europe before the revolutions (absolute monarchs), but European citizens did not want to go back to the old ways | 46 | |
| 9255561230 | Giuseppe Mazzini | -first person that fought for Italian unification -formed Young Italy | 47 | |
| 9255611957 | German unification | -made up of many principalities that did not have very similar culture -Grimm's Fairy Tales helped bring them together -the Austro-Prussian War drove the Austrians out of south Germany -the northern German principalities helped the southern German principalities in the Franco-Prussian War, making the southern German principalities not hate the northern ones like the did before, and Germany unified | 48 | |
| 9255706615 | Franco-Prussian War | -the southern German principalities hated the northern German ones after the Seven Years War, but they hated France more -Bismarck persuaded Louis-Napoleon, the ruler of France, to invade the southern German principalities -the northern German principalities came to the southern one's rescue -Germany won, allowing it to unite | 49 | |
| 9255732940 | Decline of the Ottoman Empire | -When Suleiman wasn't able to capture Vienna in 1683, it lost gradually lost power until the 19th century ("sick man of Europe") Declined because: -corrupt government -conflict between the Muslims Turks and Christians -different ethnic groups clashed -nationalism -the Young Turks | 50 | |
| 9255766106 | Crimean War | -Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire for a warm weather port -to keep up the balance of power in Europe, Great Britain and France joined the Ottomans and Austria joined Russia -in the charge of the British Light Brigade, the light brigade was accidentally sent instead of the heavy brigade, and many died -more people died of disease than battle -Florence Nightingale worked in hospitals in this war and made them more sanitary -ended with the Treaty of Paris | 51 | |
| 9255648805 | Otto von Bismarck | -prime minister of Prussia -wanted to unite Germany -built up the Prussian army and fought alongside the Austrian army against Denmark to compare his army to Austria's -then provoked Austria to declare war on Prussia-Austro-Prussian War -persuaded Louis-Napoleon to attack south Germany, and north Germany came to their rescue in the Franco-Prussian War -Germany united after and he became the Chancellor of Germany -passed the Accident Insurance Law and Old Age Insurance Law | 52 | |
| 9255689545 | Kaiser Wilhelm | -first ruler of Germany -weak and allowed power to go to Bismarck | 53 | |
| 9255591169 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | -soldier in Italian unification -was exiled and got experience fighting in South America with Simon Bolivar -returned to Italy, raised an army (the Red Shirts), and used continental-style fighting to drive the Spanish out of south Italy -joined forces with Cavour to totally unify Italy | 54 | |
| 9255568662 | Count Camillo Cavour | -politician in Italian unification -got France (Louis-Napoleon) to help him drive Austria out of north Italy -convinced Garibaldi not to attack the Vatican and joined forces with him | 55 | |
| 9255453519 | Sir Issac Newton | -created the laws of physics -his most influential law of physics was the law of universal gravitation -wrote Principia | 56 | |
| 9255310947 | Catherine the Great | -ruled Russia -known as an enlightened despot because she wrote letters to philosophes telling them about modernizing and reforming Russia through religious toleration, abolishing torture, and ending serfdom, but she didn't do much to achieve these goals -got a warm water port on the Black Sea and expanded Russia west into Poland | 57 | |
| 9255237947 | Queen Elizabeth | -ruled England -known as the Virgin Queen because she never married -had the 39 Articles written, which outline the doctrine of the Anglican Church -helped the Beggars in the Dutch Independence War, prompting Philip II to try to invade England with the Invincible Armada. England defeated them at Calais | 58 | |
| 9255206754 | Mary II | -Her and her husband William III became rulers of England during the Glorious Revolution -She and William established the Cabinent | 59 | |
| 9256534233 | What was imperialism like in Japan? | - Tokugawa Shogun ruled through a central bureaucracy tied by feudal alliances to local daimyos and samurai - American Matthew Perry threatened to bombard the Japanese capital if they did not open up to American trade. Japan opened itself to foreign influence and, as in China, westerners residing in Japan were not subject to Japanese laws | 60 | |
| 9256593804 | Imperial Expansion | As more countries wanted free access to natural resources that they never had access to before, a few countries got very big and engulfed other countries. People also explored more lands in hopes of finding natural resources that other countries hadn't already exploited | 61 | |
| 9256626748 | Meiji Restoration | - Meiji emperors realized that Japan needed to modernize and began reforms - included the abolishment of feudalism, the centralization of political power (based on German government), a new constitution, modernization of army and navy, land reform and industrial taxes - borrowed from Western culture but made sure to also keep aspects of Traditional Japanese culture | 62 | |
| 9258033003 | railroads | land freight was expensive and so inventors turned to steam power. In 1804 Richard Trevithick built a locomotive to win a bet. George Stephenson then built the 1st effective locomotive (the rocket) in 1825. He made railways commercially successful & revolutionized travel by making it fast, cheap, and usable in any terrain. | 63 | |
| 9258075813 | steam | Englnd needed a new power source because there was a shortage of trees and water power was limited. Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen invented the 1st steam engines to pump water out of coal mines. James Watt improved the steam engine- almost unlimited power source, replaced water power, led to transportation revolution. | 64 | |
| 9258097836 | spread of IR to continental Europe | happened after industrail fair in britain (crystal palace). War and the continental system slowed the spread of industrialization. Countried in Europe faced obstacles in lack of engineers, lack of money for steam power, landowners were suspicious. They found it was easier to steal technology and use the power of the state to catch up (ex the governent would build railroad tracks). William Cockerill and his sons brought blueprints from england to belgium. | 65 | |
| 9258141139 | reaction to IR | Middle class developed. Early on IR allowed hard workers opportunities but quickly time went on and industries became inherited as only the wealthy advanced. IR eventually led to a better quality of life but there was child labor and the gap between the rich and poor grew. Luddites in N England (1812) attacked factories and smashed machines. | 66 | |
| 9258169378 | Labor | factories worked long dangerous shifts. Many joined unions which spoke for al the workers in a particular trade. In 1799 parlaiment passed the combination acts outlawing unions and strikes. Factory workers joined unions anyway and the acts were repealed; also child labor | 67 | |
| 9258212119 | David Ricardo | proposed the iron law of wages- that wages would link to subsistent levels. Wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving. | 68 | |
| 9258220975 | Adam Smith | defended the idea of the free market in his book The Wealth of Nations | 69 | |
| 9258230053 | Karl Marx and Socialism | Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels criticized the IR and wrote the communist manifesto. Marx wrote the conditon of the working class in england charging that the new poverty of industrial workers was worse than that before. They criticized capitalism and promoted an economic system developed by French reformers like Charles Fourier and Saint Simon called socialism- factors of production owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all | 70 | |
| 9258275401 | William Cockerill | along with his sons he stole blueprints from britian and brought them back to belgium where he buit machinery | 71 | |
| 9258287198 | Freidrich List | german nationalist, thought industrialization would strengthen them. He created the zollverein, a customs union that enforced high protective tariffs on incoming goods which let germany industrialize without competition | 72 | |
| 9258303063 | scientific revolution | new way of thinking about the modern world based on observation and people willing to question accepted beliefs; heliocentric theory (copernicus-kepler-galileo), scientific method (francis bacon), analytical geometry (descartes), gravity (newton), smallpox vaccine (jenner) | 73 |
