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| 5710906465 | Romulus and Remus | Twins who according to legend founded the city of Rome in 753 BC. According to legend, they were twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. They were abandoned on the Tiber River as infants and raised by a she-wolf. The twins then decided to build a city near the spot. |  | 0 |
| 5710917302 | Tiber river | A major river in Italy; Rome is built on its banks | 1 | |
| 5710922150 | Etruscans | Culture that ruled Rome prior to the republic; ruled through powerful kings and well organized armies; Romans won independence ca. 509 B.C.E. Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization | 2 | |
| 5710928793 | Roman Republic | The ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC. was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar. |  | 3 |
| 5710934278 | Consul | In the Roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the government |  | 4 |
| 5710938278 | Senate | In ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats; 300 members who served for life. |  | 5 |
| 5710952288 | Patricians | members of the landholding upper class |  | 6 |
| 5710956112 | Plebians | Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders |  | 7 |
| 5710966047 | Twelve Tables of Roman Law | The earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450B.C., that became the foundation of Roman law |  | 8 |
| 5710972135 | Gaul | The area that is now France. Caesar conquered to bring the area under Roman control. | 9 | |
| 5710974751 | Legion | A military unit of the ancient Roman army, made up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback. |  | 10 |
| 5710978972 | Century | Roman army officer (commanding a company of about 100 soldiers) | 11 | |
| 5710984160 | First Punic War | 264 BC to 241 BC. Cause- carthage feared Rome would take over Sicily, Rome feared Carthage would control Mediterranean and block expansion (strait of Messina). Result- Rome wins, Carthage pays indemnity, Carthage is forced to give up sicily | 12 | |
| 5710987286 | Second Punic War | 218 B.C. - 202 B.C., Hannibal decides to attack Rome, Sneaks through Gaul with 60,000 troops and 60 Elephants, Wreaks havoc in Rome for 15 years, Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage making Hannibal come back to Carthage. Carthage defeated | 13 | |
| 5710993895 | Hannibal | Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. |  | 14 |
| 5710993896 | Battle of Zama | The battle in 202 BC in which Scipio decisively defeated Hannibal at the end of the second Punic War |  | 15 |
| 5711002541 | Scipio | Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC) |  | 16 |
| 5711012926 | Sulla | 88 - 82 BC; A Roman general and a conservative politician, holding the office of consul twice as well as the dictatorship. A gifted and effective general, he marched his armies on Rome twice, enjoying the absolute power of a dictator. As dictator, he enacted a series of reforms to the Roman constitution that sought to strengthen the aristocracy. His dictatorship, however, marked the beginning of the end of the Constitution of the Roman Republic, and to the Roman Republic itself. |  | 17 |
| 5711016443 | Spartacus | 70 BC; slave, trained as a gladiator, who led a rebellion against the roman army for slave freedom- he was killed after two years |  | 18 |
| 5711020069 | Pompey | Part of first Triumvirate; Roman general and statesman who quarreled with Caesar and and was forced to flee with his army to Egypt (after the battle of Pharsalus) where he was murdered (106-48 BC) |  | 19 |
| 5711023610 | Crassus | General who defeated Spartacus. Crucified 6,600 slaves on the Alpennine way. Richest man in Rome who shared command with Caesar and Pompey until he was killed in battle in 53 B.C. |  | 20 |
| 5711032802 | Julius Caesar | Roman general and dictator, Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. |  | 21 |
| 5711040098 | Rubicon | A river in northern Italy that Julius Caesar crossed with his army, in violation of the orders of the leaders in Rome, who feared his power. A civil war followed, in which Caesar emerged ruler of Rome. |  | 22 |
| 5711043313 | Latifundia | Huge estates owned by wealthy families | 23 | |
| 5711049808 | Cleopatra | Last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy |  | 24 |
| 5711053789 | Battle of Actium | Naval battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire. Octavian won in 31 B.C. |  | 25 |
| 5711053790 | Octavian Augustus | 63BC-14AD. Charismatic & good leader, Julius Caesar's grandnephew. By defeating Mark Antony, he gained rule of all Roman lands. He was Rome's first true emperor. Patron of the arts, enlarged empire, restored order, starts Pax Romana. -13 years of civil unrest after Caesar's death -Octavian (Augustus) was the nephew/son of Caesar -Defeated Marc Antony & Cleopatra in 31 B.C.E. -Ruled for 45 years |  | 26 |
| 5711057733 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. | 27 | |
| 5711063141 | Virgil | Greatest poet of the Golden Age, called the "Homer of Rome" because the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models for his epic, the Aeneid; focus on Patriotism; it took 10 years to write |  | 28 |
| 5711066240 | Ovid | The love poet |  | 29 |
| 5711076904 | Tacitus | A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his histories. | 30 | |
| 5711080779 | Tiberius | Son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career, Adopted son of Augustus; Continues many of Octavian's policies; Married Octavian's daughter; Suspicious of aristocrats in the Senate; Many people were executed on rumors | 31 | |
| 5711084038 | Caligula | Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity, Only ruled for four years, mentally unstable. He had an affair with his sister and named them both as Gods. He also named his horse a consul. |  | 32 |
| 5711093911 | Nero | Roman Emperor notorious for his monstrous vice and fantastic luxury (was said to have started a fire that destroyed much of Rome in 64) but the Empire remained prosperous during his rule (37-68), persecuted Christians, had his mother killed and confiscated property to build his palace the Domus Aurea | 33 | |
| 5711099238 | Eruption of Mt. Vesuvious | 79 CE | 34 | |
| 5711104987 | Hadrian | 117 - 138 CE, Roman Emperor who was the adoptive son of Trajan; travelled throughout his empire to strengthen its frontiers and encourage learning and architecture; on a visit to Britain in 122 he ordered the construction of Hadrian's Wall | 35 | |
| 5711104988 | Marcus Aurelius | Emperor of Rome, Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana | 36 | |
| 5711109277 | Diocletian | Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Then set up a Tetrarchy. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement. | 37 | |
| 5711113095 | Constantine | Roman emperor (312-337 CE). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. |  | 38 |
| 5711117295 | Edict of Milan | Order issued by Constantine which made Christianity an accepted religion in the empire (no longer persecuted); 313 AD |  | 39 |
| 5711122998 | Theodosius | 379-395 CE He divides the Roman Empire into two different empires (Roman & Byzantine). He also makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. |  | 40 |
| 5711126117 | Romulus Augustus | Last emperor of the Western Roman Empire; deposed by the Germanic tribe in 476 |  | 41 |
| 5711139449 | Visigoths | Germanic people who migrated to Rome, originally came from Scandinavia and Russia. They adapted Roman cultures and provided troops for the Roman army. They created settlements around Rome, and stormed and sacked it in 410. The western part of the Roman Empire was in shambles by the mid fifth century CE. | 42 | |
| 5711142657 | Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome |  | 43 |
| 5711142890 | Justinian | The Byzantine Emperor 527 - 565 CE who developed Justinian's code, built the Hagia Sophia, walls, and the Hippodrome |  | 44 |
| 5711161345 | Conflicts between Patricians and Plebeians | -Relations between the classes became strained that the plebeians threatened to secede from Rome and establish a rival settlement -The patricians granted plebeians the right to elect officials (tribunes) who represented their interests in the Roman government -Originally plebeians chose 2 tribunes but then that changed to 10 -Problems continued to rise and eventually broadened to the base of political participation -In early 5th century Plebeians threatened to secede Plebeians were granted right to elect Tribunes -2-10 tribunes elected -Had power to intervene in politics -Given veto power | 45 | |
| 5711167823 | Punic Wars | -264 - 146 B.C.E. -First Punic War 264-241 BCE -Fought over Sicily -Rome won -Second Punic War 218 BCE -General Hannibal attacked from North -Crossed Alps on elephants -Had to return to Carthage - Rome won -Third Punic War 149 - 146 BCE -Rome attacked/ Burned Carthage -Rome Won |  | 46 |
| 5711193395 | Roman Roads | -Deep roads -Curbs -Drainage -Paved w/ stone -Large enough for 2 way traffic -Milestones -Stations for couriers |  | 47 |
| 5711202887 | Pater Families | -Patriarchal tradition of eldest male ruling family -Women had some power within the home, especially in wealthy families -Pater Familias had authority to: -Arrange marriages -Punish family members -Sell relatives into slavery -Execute family | 48 | |
| 5711210708 | Cult of Isis | -Allowed both men and women followers -Most popular religion of salvation prior to Christianity -Egyptian goddess was benevolent and protective | 49 | |
| 5711216411 | Christianity | -Paul of Tarsus was disciple of Jesus -Appealed his case -Traveled to spread the word of Jesus -Argued that faith must come before individual or family |  | 50 |
