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AP World History Semester Review OVERVIEW INFO Flashcards

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8461527624neolithic revolution = (changes to "societies")-hunting/gathering -AGRICULTURE -spread of populations -family based groups -metalworking -led to more complex economic/social systems0
8461560634sedentary agriculturesettled down AG1
8461562740nomadic societies-animal herding -seen as "barbarians" -indo-europeans/ huns -animals influence the culture -courage cultures2
8461578770courage cultures in nomadic societies-kin-based groups -great warriors -valued courage, honor, loyalty, and hospitality -male centered (some exceptions) -polytheistic3
8461605388nomadic contact with other people-some peaceful (trade) -some hostile (invasions/conflict)4
8461651627factors of a civilization-economic surplus -formal government -writing system -urban centers5
8461674585pastoralism-raising and herding animals6
8461686018agriculture and pastoralism led to-----more reliable food sources -technology improvements to compensate for the need for more food (pottery/ wheels) -patriarchal societies7
8461713599more reliable food -> surpluses -> led to specialization -> division of labor -> social classes-rising of societies due to increase in agricultural practices8
8461720293early civilizations-Egypt (Nile River Valley) -Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa (Indus River Valley) -Shang (Yellow or Huang He River Valley) -Olmecs (Mesopotamia) -Chavin (Andean South America)9
8464505696Mesopotamia-Tigris-Euphrates river valley (Sumerians) -cuneiform -polytheistic -monumental architecture(Ziggurats) -math -city-states -slavery -pessimistic10
8461748955Early Egypt Civilization- WHERE?Nile River Valley11
8461754482Early Egypt Civilization- WHEN?-white time period (8000BCE - 600 BCE)12
8461803072Early Egypt Civilization- INFO-Unified regional kingdom -Monumental architecture (pyramids) -Hieroglyphics -Pharaohs -Polytheistic -Optimistic -Aryans (Indo-European) -Epic/Vedas Ages -Polythesitc --> Hinduism -Caste System13
8461820183polytheistic-many gods14
8461820186monotheisticone gods15
8461827288Indus River Vally Civilization- INFO-Harappa/Mohenjo-Daro -planned cities with sewage system -trade with Mesopotamia -writing16
8461851843Indus River Vally Civilization- DECLINE-natural/environmental causes -invaders -nomadic migrations17
8461864432Aryans (Indo-Europeans)-epic/vedic ages -polytheistic -> Hinduism -caste system18
8461867026Vedas (Epic/Vedic Ages)Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century19
8461893653Early Chinese Civilization-HuangHe (Yellow) RIver -Shang Dynasty -Zhou Dynasty20
8464401330Shang Dynasty INFO-patriarchal -ancestor worship -oracle bones (Writing) -strong kings (Expansion)21
8464409209Zhou Dynasty INFO-feudalism -Mandate of Heaven22
8464425122early Chinese feudalism?????23
8464427983Mandate of Heavendivine support for their rule24
8464462790zigguratsmassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes25
8464477051Neolithic-New Stone Age(8000 BCE-appx.4000 BCE) -Bronze Age -Most Important26
8464480462MesolithicMiddle Stone Age (12000 BCE-8000 BCE)27
8464483539PaleolithicOld Stone Age ( 2.5mil BCE-12000 BCE)28
8464485873Iron VS BronzeIron was and is STRONGER29
8464485876Indo-Europeans-caused problems (invasions; came from the Caspian Sea area)30
8464489555animalisticnature focus31
8464493605Empire Requirements-order -ranking -language -defense -advancement -land -growing population -social system -resources -trade -education -etc....32
8464493606Civilizations:1. sedentary agriculture 2. surplus 3. specialize/divison of labor SOCIAL STRATIFICATION (social classes/ranking)33
8464509832Cuneiformform of writing using clay tablets34
8464509833Who did Mesopotamia fall to?Akkadians, then Babylonians35
8464514927King Hammurabi importance-law codes (to help promote consistency) -most important ruler of Babylonian empire36
8464528078Sumerianspeople who migrated to Mesopotamia`37
8464528079City-state-form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia civilizations -consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king38
8464531021Babylonians-unified all of Mesopotamia -empire collapsed due to foreign invasion -King Hammurabi39
8464533681Pharaohkings of ancient Egypt40
8464536031Pyramids-monumental architecture for ancient Egypt -used as burial sites for pharaohs41
8464539688Kush-an African state that developed along the upper -reaches of the Nile -conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries42
8464542168Indus River-river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea -location of Harappa civilization43
8464542170Harappa-major urban complex of the Harappan civilization -laid out on a planned grid pattern44
8464544725Aryans-Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization -militarized society45
8464558854In China Writing was __________ and speaking language was _________universal; different46
8464567220Americas-Olmecs(mother civilization) -Chavin (South America)47
8464567222Olmecs-mother civilization -Mesoamerica -Irrigation -cities -writing -calendar -trade -large stone heads*** -no wheel -no large domesticated animals48
8464569351Chavin-South America -Andes -corn,quinoa,potatoes,llamas -Temples -Arts and Crafts49
8464572529Phoenicians-Alphabet (ours is based off theirs) (based on sounds) -traders on the Mediterranean50
8464577030Jews-Monotheism -God's focus on humans -Ethics/Law -Holy Text51
8464577033Bureaucracy-hierarchy -specialized functions52
8464586920Warring States Period-influenced the start of Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism -provided opportunity for philosophers to think of new ways to run things -led to new philosophies53
8464586924syncretismcoming together; union of different principles, practices, or parties relating to philosophy or religion54
8464590690Zhou (Pattern)-feudalism (decentralized) -contributions: extend territory, focus on centra government, culture/language unity(written language mostly) -Mandate of Heaven -Decline55
8464590691Qin (Pattern)-Qin Shi Huangdi -Legalist -Contribution56
8464593635Qin Shi Huangdi (Qin Dynasty)-first emperor -created great wall*** -standardized stuff like roads -spent lots of money -killed tons of people -book burnings -killed scholars Terra Cotta Army***57
8464593652Han (Pattern)-Golden Age? -Han Wudi -Decline (central control weakness, internal problems, nomadic invaders)58
8464596091Political Institutions (China)-central authority with strong local units -bureaucracy with exam system (in theory=equal opportunity) -role of the state in culture, economy, court system -invaders could destroy a dynasty but couldn't find a better way to run things (assimilation)59
8464599506Religion and Culture (China)-Confucianism -Legalism -Daoism60
8464599507Confucianism-Confucius (Kong Fuzi) -Ethics, responsibly -Five relationships: father-son, husband-wife, etc)61
8464601975Legalism-people are bad so you have to have harsh laws62
8464605167Daoism-more spiritual -harmony with nature -the Dao -co-exist with Confucianism -balance63
8464607783Economy (China)-upper class/peasants/"mean" people64
8464607784status of merchants and tradesmen-very low -they were looked down upon65
8464607786type of society (patriarchal or matriarchal)-very patriarchal66
8464610722were they technologically advancedyes67
8464615322thoughts of other people outside China-they are "barbarians" -we are superior68
8464615323Confucianism VS DaoismConfucianism wins; it is the dominate policy69
8464617996secularnot religious70
8464623244Alexaner the Great-took over part of India -conquered Persian empire -attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures71
8464623245Caste System-5 Varnas (sections) -many subclasses (Jati) 1. Warriors (Kshatriyas) 2. Priests (Brahmans) 3. Traders/Farmers (Vaisyas) 4. Common Laborers (Sudras) 5. Untouchables -(Buddism didn't like the caste system) -mobility??? -promoted tolerance???72
8464625404Mauryan-Chandragupta (NOT GUPTA) -Ashoka73
8464625405Chandragupta-large armies -bureaucracy -autocratic74
8464628042autocratic-relating to a ruler who has absolute power75
8464630377Ashoka-extended territory -converted to Buddism -trade -grandson of Chandragupta76
8464634474Gupta-smaller territory -negotiated and intermarried with local ruling families77
8464634476Political Institutions (India)-regionalism and diversity -religion didn't stress politics -preist became source of authority (Hindu Preists)78
8464637544Hinduism-no single founder -multiple approaches -flexible -reincarnation -Ethics: Dharma and Karma -reinforced caste system79
8464637560Buddism-4 noble truths -Nirvana -equal opportunity -no priests -monasteries -monks/missionaries spread80
8464640608Bodhisattvasbuddhist saint81
8464640610Arts/Sciences (India)-literature -drama -science -math (decimals, zero, number systems) -astronomy -medicine -scripture -painting -architecture (stupas)82
8464642854Family Life (India)-Patriarchal -children were spoiled and encouraged to imagine and play -once children were old enough to work they were put to work -served s economic unit83
8464642855Economy (India)-trade -merchants were treated better than in China -still agricultural at base84
8464645542Buddha-creator of Buddhism -found enlightenment under bo tree -taught that enlightenment can be achieved by abandoning desires for all earthly things85
8464645543Sanskrit-sacred and classical Indian language86
8464647723Indra-chief deity of the Aryans87
8464647724dharma-caste position and career determined by a person's birth -Hindu culture requires that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to best of ones abilities in order to have a better situation the next life88
8464650929Vishnu-the brahman god of sacrifice -later hindu -widely worshipped89
8464650930Shiva-hindu -god of destruction and reproduction worshipped as personification of cosmic forces pf change90
8464653250Nirvana-Buddhist state of enlightenmant or tranquillity91
8464653255Stupas-stone shrines built to house pieces of bone or hair and personal possessions said to be the relic of the Buddha92
8464665171Code of Urcreated by Nammu (Sumer)93
8464682291Zoroastrianism??????94
8464691035Hebrew Monotheism????95
8464701475through what does culture unify stateslaws language religion myths monumental art literature monumental architecture belief systems96
8464718387Christianity??????97
8464726169art/architecture reflects values of ---belief systems98
8464728199filial piety??????99
8464736118shamanism?????100
8464739271ancestor worshipthe worship of those who came before.......(more)101
8464750811HellenisticA stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.102
8464762800coercive laborforced labor103
8464771047Peloponnesian WarsConflict between Athens and Sparta104
8464776590Punic Warsthe three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome.105
8464779506Greece (Political)-Direct democracy (Athens) -tyranny -aristocracy/ not monarchy106
8464787259aristocracy??????107
8464791750Rome (Political)-republic: senate/assembly/2 consuls -political ethics/ideal of public service -structure of the state/loyalty to the state -local autonomy -tolerance for local customs/religions -strong military organization -law codes/common sense -public works/infrastructure108
8465231399Fertile CrescentThe Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago.109
8465240201pictogramsA pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept110
8465243190ideogramsA character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than it's name (example: Chinese)111
8465243192SumerThe world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.112
8465250826Oracle BonesThe earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.113
8465250828TeotihuacanA large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.114
8465253363Great ZimbabweA stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.115
8465262976MinoansOne of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.116
8465262977PlatoSocrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.117
8465270066DiocletianRoman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.118
8465274782Hunslarge nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.119
8465280382Tang RevivalContinuing the imperial revival started by the Sui Dynasty this dynasty that followed restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River--which stopped future expansion by both empires.120
8465286366Yellow TurbanA 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks121
8465289222Aryansimmigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC122
8465292006Guilds-associations of businessmen and producers -associations like those of merchants or artisans, organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members, and that sometimes constituted a local governing body.123
8465292010Caste systema social system that separated people by occupation, the caste system in India has virtually no social mobility124
8465297480Silk Road125
8465317780?????126

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