Terms : Hide Images
| 168144241 | Demographics | Population settlements; who lives where, why; birth-rates - increase or decrease; urban or rural | 0 | |
| 168144242 | Foraging | Hunters and gatherers. | 1 | |
| 168144243 | Civilization | Societies that have advanced culture including a political system, job specialization, written language, and complex religions | 2 | |
| 168144244 | Independent Invention | The idea that two or more different cultures could have invented the same thing without being influenced by another. Example: the wheel was invented in different places at different times | 3 | |
| 168144245 | Metallurgy | Melting of metals for human use; examples: copper for decorations, iron for tools and weapons, etc. Civilizations that mastered metallurgy advanced quicker than others. | 4 | |
| 168144246 | Polytheism | The belief in more than one god. Dominate belief system prior to Judaism. | 5 | |
| 168144247 | Harrapan Civilization | Another name for the Indus River Valley civilization; known for advanced cities of Mohenjo-Daro | 6 | |
| 168144248 | Shang Dynasty | Developed along the Yellow River (Huang He); known for oracle bones | 7 | |
| 168144249 | Social Structure | All civilizations have some type of social structure. Most early societies had a social structure that included rulers and priests at the top of the social structure and peasants and slaves at the bottom. | 8 | |
| 168144250 | Loss of Empire | There are major upheavals when an empire collapses. The Han, Roman, and Gupta Empires all collapsed during the Foundations era.- The collapse of the Roman Empire was more significant because of centralization that had been placed on all aspects of society to the institutions in Rome. Europeans were lost and shocked after the fall of the Roman Empire. In China, their concept of Dynastic Cycle led to acceptance of the fall as a natural occurrence. | 9 | |
| 168144251 | Caste System | Aryan/Hindu system of social divisions based upon birth. People could not move caste except through reincarnation. Associated with racism. Comparable to Confucian concept of order. Most social systems are pretty class-restrictive - most people stay in the class he/she was born into. | 10 | |
| 168144252 | Classical Civilizations | Refers to civilizations that were considered far more advanced than others. These included: Han, Gupta, Greek, and Roman. They all had major advanced in technology, art, trade, and political systems. | 11 | |
| 168144253 | Neolithic Revolution /Agricultural Revolution | Movement from foragers to permanent settlers. Led to villages and communities. Also led to gender restrictions. | 12 | |
| 168144254 | Patriarchal Systems | Male dominated societies. All major civilizations have been patriarchal. | 13 | |
| 168144255 | Bureaucracy | An elaborate government system that has numerous people involved in processing and administering the government. Most known in China and is associated with the Scholar-Gentry class created through the Civil Service Exams. | 14 | |
| 168144256 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher who is also known for scientific observations. Most of his conclusions were not challenged until the Scientific Revolution. | 15 | |
| 168144257 | Indian Ocean Trade | Provided trading opportunities between Africa and Asia. Europe was included somewhat. | 16 | |
| 168144258 | Bantus | Nomadic peoples from Africa who traveled around Africa spreading language and farming methods | 17 | |
| 168144259 | Caliphate | Arab/Islamic religious and political leader. The first caliph after Muhammad was Abu Bakr. | 18 | |
| 168144260 | Polynesians | Peoples of southwest Pacific Ocean who traveled from island to island via boats; includes natives of New Zealand, Samoa, and Hawaii | 19 | |
| 168144261 | Dar al Islam | Unity in the Islamic world through language and religion. Similar to "nationalism" but transcends boundaries of race and ethnic background. | 20 | |
| 168144262 | Missionary | A person who intentionally spreads a faith. Historically, Buddhists, Christians, and Muslims have been active in missionary outreach. | 21 | |
| 168144263 | Economic Revolutions | Refers to major advances and changes occurring in an economic system. Historically would apply to the major changes in Tang and Song China. | 22 | |
| 168144264 | East West Schism- | The split in Christianity in 1054. Prior to this time there was only one "Christian Church." The Catholic (universal) Church split into a Roman/Western Church and an Eastern Orthodox Church. Issues that led to the schism included the use of icons, the role of the Pope, and the celibacy of priests. They remain slip today. Roman Catholics are dominant in Western Europe, Canada, Australia, and Latin America. Eastern Orthodoxy is dominant in Greece, Russia, eastern Europe, and the Middle East (those who are Christians in the ME are predominantly Orthodox. During one of the Crusades the Europeans actually sacked Constantinople, the center of Orthodox Christianity. Pope John Paul II apologized in the 1990s. | 23 | |
| 168144265 | Migrations | Movements of large groups of people from one place to another. Normally very disruptive to the area being "invaded." Warfare, political upheaval, and conflict normally occur, as does cultural diffusion. Most notable migrations: Huns, Germans, Arabs, Vikings, Bantu, Mongols, Turks, and Aztecs. | 24 | |
| 168144266 | Plague | Black Death that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages. Came from Asia along trade routes and were spread by the fleas on rats. Was called a pandemic due to its quick nature. | 25 | |
| 168144267 | Urbanization | The settlement of people into cities. Normally associated with industrialization, as that would cause large numbers of people to settle near each other. China was the most urbanized during the Middle Ages, while European cities became the most urbanized after the Renaissance. | 26 | |
| 168144268 | Feudalism | Political system used in Europe and Japan. The system was based on military service (knights and samurais) in exchange for land grants made to the lords or shoguns. In Europe the King had a lot of power while in Japan, the Emperor was only a figurehead. The Code of Chivalry guided the behavior of the European knights while the Code of Bushido guided the behavior of the Japanese Samurai. | 27 | |
| 168144269 | Byzantine Empire | The Eastern Roman Empire that outlasted the Roman Empire by hundreds of years. It's location and control of the Dardanelles provided riches to the empire. It served as the center of Christianity for the eastern part of Europe. It encompassed large sections of Asia and parts of Europe and Africa. Nationalism caused problems in the empire as Arabs sought to separate themselves from the Byzantine Empire and support Islam and conquest. | 28 | |
| 168144270 | World Trade Network | During the period prior to Columbus the major trading networks were the Indian Ocean Trade, the Silk Roads, and the Trans-Saharan trade routes. These allowed for a trading network that included Asia, Africa, and Europe. A truly "world" trade network would not develop under the discovery of the Americas. | 29 | |
| 168144271 | Columbian Exchange | Exchange of food, animals, and diseases from the Americas to Europe and Asia; led to the death of millions of Native Americans; led to the survival of millions of Europeans (potato) | 30 | |
| 168144272 | Mamluks | Christian slaves who were used as soldiers in the Abbasid and other Islamic dynasties. Since the Koran forbids Muslims from fighting each other, Mamluks were useful. Many converted to Islam, but their lack of allegiance to tribes helped the caliphates conquer areas. On several occasions they actually rose to power and ruled. Mamluks took over Egypt and ruled from 1250 - 1380 and defeated the Ottomans. Mamluks also served in Napoleon's army and briefly overthrew Ottoman rule in Baghdad. | 31 | |
| 168144273 | Manorialism | The economic system of the Middle Ages that was centered on the manor (like a plantation). Manors were self-sufficient and were awarded to lords by the Kings in the feudal contract. | 32 | |
| 168144274 | Crusades | Begun in 1095 as an effort by European Christians to take the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims. The 1st Crusade was somewhat successful in that Jerusalem was secured; however, other crusades were all failures. This era did bring about trade between the "Crusading" states (European countries like France, Spain, and England) and the Islamic States. Desire for Asian goods increases and Europeans begin to focus on finding water routes to Asia. | 33 | |
| 168144275 | Papacy | The Pope and the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church. Historically the papacy has played a large role in political affairs in Europe and Latin America. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Papacy and the Roman Catholic Church provided stability to Europe during the Middle Ages. | 34 | |
| 168144276 | Empires | Major empires during the 1450 - 1750 period controlled large segments of territory. The term "gunpowder empires" applies to most because of their ability to use force to seize large segments of land. Empires included: China, Ottoman, Portugal, Spain, Russia, France, England, Mughal, Kongo, Benin, Oyo, and Songhay. | 35 | |
| 168144277 | Slave Systems | Slavery has existed since the earliest known history. During the 1450 - 1750 time period most slaves were from Africa. Fellow Africans sold many into slavery. Female slaves made up the bulk of the slaves sent from Africa to the Islamic states. They were usually concubines. The Atlantic Slave Trade sent millions of Africans across the Atlantic to serve as slaves in agriculture. | 36 | |
| 168144278 | Scientific Revolution | The era of European history when great scientific advances were made. These include Copernicus and Galileo's astronomy, Newton's gravity, physics, and calculus, and explorations into different types of power. These discoveries helped to start the Industrial Revolution. They also proved to be challenging for the population and rulers as many ideas challenged traditional Biblical and governmental teachings. | 37 | |
| 168144279 | Enlightenment | The period dominated by French thinkers. Basic challenges to the authority of the king, freedom of speech, press, and religion, and the role of commoners in the government were revolutionary. These ideas led to the American, French, and Latin American Revolutions. | 38 | |
| 168144280 | NeoConfucianism | A mixture of Confucianism and Buddhism. | 39 | |
| 168144281 | Artistic Movements 1450-1750 | The Renaissance dominated Europe with its glorification of human achievements. The Mughal (Indian) art of the period was inspired by Islamic design and the Taj Mahal is an example. The Ming Dynasty was building the Forbidden City and mastering porcelain production. The Tokugawa Shogunate had Kabuki theatre and Haiku poetry. Russian architecture mirrored that found in the Byzantine Empire. In Africa, the Benin civilization was using bronze in sculpture. | 40 | |
| 168144282 | Imperialism | The first wave of imperialism refers primarily to European colonization of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. One country takes over another for economic reasons. | 41 | |
| 168144283 | Coercive Labor Systems | Included slavery, indentured servitude, serfdom, and indentured servitude. | 42 | |
| 168144284 | Empire Building | Process of creating empires. In Africa, it was a system of successor states with new states simply building upon previous states. In Europe, nations emerged under powerful monarchs who sought out new territory to improve economic conditions. In Asia, China conquered most areas directly. Some areas allowed being "tribute states" where regions pay money not to be conquered. | 43 | |
| 168144285 | European exploration | China controlled the exploration (Zheng He) until the Portuguese begin to explore in search of water routes to Asia. Important explorers included da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan. | 44 | |
| 168144286 | Absolutism | European monarchs concept that the monarch, normally king, is absolute in power and does not have to seek approval, advice, or input from anyone or anything else. Often associated with the Divine Right of Kings concept that the king is only answerable to God. Louis XIV was an example of an absolutist monarch. | 45 | |
| 168144287 | Reformation | Led by Martin Luther, it brought about the Protestant movement that broke from the Catholic Church. Prior to Luther, all Christians in Western Europe were Catholic. This limited the authority and influence of the papacy, but also resulted in massive wars. The Thirty Years War devastated Europe. | 46 | |
| 168144288 | Constantinople | Capital city of the Byzantine Empire. It was sacked by the Turks during the 15th century and was renamed Istanbul. | 47 | |
| 168144289 | Siege of Vienna | The farthest north the Ottomans got in Europe. The Siege ended with the Ottomans retreating. The Ottomans continued to hold large sections of the Balkans (areas around Greece and the former Yugoslavia) under their control until World War I. | 48 | |
| 168144290 | Harem | Refers to the area where the Sultan's women were kept. Included wives and concubines. Importance is found in the influence that the mothers of the sultans played in affairs. They had great influence in the Ottoman Empire. | 49 | |
| 168144291 | Industrial Revolution | Effort to build factories for massive production. Occurred in China first, then in Europe, Japan, and Russia. Greatly altered economic and social systems. | 50 | |
| 168144292 | Emancipation | 1833 Britain abolishes slavery 1861 Serfs freed in Russia 1863 Emancipation Proclamation in the United States 1888 Brazil becomes the last country to outlaw slavery | 51 | |
| 168144293 | Nationalism | Pride and unity in one's background and common heritage. Includes common religions, ethnic groups, languages, and histories. Used as a political force in history as people sought to break free from rule of "others." Seen in 19th century Europe with the unification of Germany and Italy. Seen in uprisings against expansive empires like the Ottomans and Mongols. Was a major cause of World War I. Found in Europe in the late 20th century with the breakup of Yugoslavia. Also seen in Africa as countries sought to eject European rule. Pan Arabism is a major force in the Middle East where Arabs see Westerners as interfering. | 52 | |
| 168144294 | NationState | Having a political boundary that is made up of one "nation" of people. Example would be Serbia for Serbs. | 53 | |
| 168144295 | Racism | Believing that one race is superior to another. Used historically to justify imperialism and human rights abuses. | 54 | |
| 168144296 | Western Dominance | The disproportionate share of the world's wealth and resources as found in "Western" countries. This wealth and power is seen as abusing the developing countries of the world. | 55 | |
| 168144297 | Modernization Theory | The belief that technology will be able to bring developing nations to higher economic standards and production. | 56 | |
| 168144298 | Role of Women | During the 19th Century the role of women began to change as more women participated in the industrial revolution. Some female rulers of note included Queen Victoria of England and Empress Dowager of China. In the 20th Century the role of women became expanded through suffrage movements. Women serve in government and business positions in many parts of the world. | 57 | |
| 168144299 | Foreign Domination | One country being controlled by another. Can be through economic control rather than actual occupation. | 58 | |
| 168144300 | Western Intervention | The tendency of "Western" countries (United States and Europe) to intervene in developing countries. | 59 | |
| 168144301 | Meiji Restoration | Overthrow of the Japanese feudal system. Let to increase trade and opening up of ports to Westerners. Modernized Japan through Industrial Revolution. | 60 | |
| 168144302 | Jacobins | Radical political group that was responsible for the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. | 61 | |
| 168144303 | Boxer Rebellion | When a group of Chinese began attacking foreigners in China. After an attack in Peking (not Beijing) U.S. ships arrived to "help." This just increased the xenophobic feelings in China. | 62 | |
| 168144304 | Suez Canal | Connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. Built with funds from Britain and France but controlled (now) by Egypt. | 63 | |
| 168144305 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egypt who helped fight Wahabbis and gained recognition for Egypt in the 1800s. Set out many domestic reforms that helped Egypt gain independence from Great Britain. | 64 | |
| 168144306 | Marxism | The economic theories proposed by Karl Marx that called for collective ownership of the means of production. Most associated with Communism. | 65 | |
| 168144307 | Social Darwinism | The concept that the strongest and most able in society will survive (the survival of the fittest). Used to justify imperialism - non-western people were struggling because they were not strong enough to prosper - up to Westerners to help them - The White Man's Burden | 66 | |
| 168144308 | Impressionism | European artistic movement that sought to create a first "impression" rather than exact details; took many artistic clues from Japanese prints | 67 | |
| 168144309 | Balance of Power | The concept that world power should be "balanced" so that no one country or group of countries control too much. | 68 | |
| 168144310 | League of Nations | Created at the end of the World War I as the brainchild of President Woodrow Wilson. The intent was to prevent further war through international dialogue. Failed to act effectively to deal with Hitler and Mussolini and was replaced by the United Nations. | 69 | |
| 168144311 | United Nations | Body that provides dialogue for international concerns and an option of collective security to areas in need (UN troops). | 70 | |
| 168144312 | Non-Aligned Nations- | Developing nations that meet together to try to deal with issues and concerns. | 71 | |
| 168144313 | Decolonization | The process in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Asia of Western powers leaving. Some was accomplished through rebellions and wars. | 72 | |
| 168144314 | Genocide | Intentional efforts to annihilate a group of people. In the 20th century the most well known was the Holocaust, but others occurred. These included: 1.5 million Armenians killed by Turks,; about 7 million Ukrainians and other non-Russians, under Stalin; Rape of Nanking resulted in about 300,000 Chinese killed by Japanese; and 2 million Cambodians died under the Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot. | 73 | |
| 168144315 | Breakup of Soviet Union | 1991 breakup of the Soviet union into 15 separate countries. Marked the official end of the Cold War as the United States obviously didn't have anyone to fight. | 74 | |
| 168144316 | Great Depression | Massive economic collapse of economies all over the world. The United States and Europe were hit most directly, but other regions lost crucial export income. | 75 | |
| 168144317 | Pacific Rim | Refers to China, Australia, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Combodia, Japan, Laos, and the Philippines. Has become a major economic bloc in world production and trade. | 76 | |
| 168144318 | Multinational Corporations | Corporations that are international in nature. They include Coca Cola, Nike, Exxon, Toyota, and Sony. They normally as associated with taking advantage of cheap labor in developing countries and not helping the countries economically. | 77 | |
| 168144319 | Feminism | Women's rights in regards to political, economic, and social participation and power. | 78 | |
| 168144320 | Globalization | The concept of the world being made "smaller." Includes concepts of technology and communications/transportation. Also associated with multi-national corporations and the dominant western culture. | 79 | |
| 168144321 | Resistance and Religious Responses | In the 20th century the Tibetans have resisted Communist China rule. Buddhism has supported this. Also, in Poland, Pope John Paul II's religious condemnation of communism helped to lead to free elections and the fall of the Soviet Union. | 80 | |
| 168144322 | Deforestation | Massive cutting down of rain forests in Latin America and Asia. Leads to economic development for the country, but leads to environmental problems for the rest of the world. | 81 | |
| 168144323 | Green Movement | Environmental movement | 82 | |
| 168144324 | The West/The East | During the Cold War, the was seen as either "communistic and dictatorial" or "capitalistic and democratic." Eastern countries were aligned with the Soviet Union and included the Eastern Bloc (Poland, Romania, and East Germany), Cuba, and China. The western countries aligned with the United States and Western Europe. | 83 | |
| 168144325 | Consumer Society | Society that is dominated by buying and spending. | 84 | |
| 168144326 | High Tech Warfare/Guerrilla Warfare | High tech warfare includes missiles, submarines, and fighter jets. Most developing nations lack such weapons and rely upon guerrilla tactics like ambush, civilian soldiers, and homemade bombs. | 85 | |
| 168144327 | Third World Economic Development | Economic development in developing countries is very challenging. Most are still agricultural and rely on cash crops. Some have begun to industrialize but are normally being controlled by multi-national companies. Most are highly indebt to industrialized countries. | 86 | |
| 168144328 | Fascism | Extreme nationalism in a state where the glorification of the state is the defining characteristic. This included: Hitler's Nazi Germany, Mussolini's Italy, Franco in Spain, and Japan prior to WWII. | 87 | |
| 168144329 | Internationalization of Culture | Local cultures and traditions being replaced by an "international" culture. For example, in Japan, traditional Japanese music, art, clothing, and entertainment has been almost replaced by Western culture. | 88 | |
| 168144330 | Artistic Modernism | 20th Century art that focuses on non-representative art. Think Picasso and Jackson Pollock; Cubism was inspired by African masks | 89 |
