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AP World History Spodek Chapter 22 (India) Flashcards

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4139331224What organization in India led the resistance to Britain?Indian National Congress0
4139355296What year was the INC created?18851
4139333767Where were the leaders of the INC educated?Britain2
4139374838Fearing that India would be an all-Hindu nation, Muslims created the All-Indian Muslim League in what year?19063
4139466742In what year did the the the British Secretary of State of India announced that the government in India would be an integral part of the British Empire?19174
4139473000What did the Government of India Act of 1919 do?Expanded Indian role in government by empowering provincial and central legislatures and created a dual government, as well as, created a dual government.5
4139477144Under the Government of India Act of 1919, powers in what 3 areas were transferred to local governments?1) Agriculture; 2) public works; and 3) education6
4139500065What took place in Punjab in 1919 that undermined British claims as legitimate rulers?Massacre at Amritsar7
4144353595Who transformed the Indian National Congress into a political party?Gandhi8
4144373685Gandhi emphasized two things when emerging as a political leader?1) Peasant roots and 2) spiritual traditions9
4144386630Gandhi was educated in what country?Britain10
4144389936In what profession was Gandhi educated?Law11
4144418989What did Gandhi experience for the first time when he represented an emigrant Indian business firm in South Africa?Racism12
4144515711After experiencing personal and repeated persecution in South Africa, Gandhi began leading ________________?Protests13
4144562878In South Africa, the Indian community lived under severe restrictions where they could only legally marry if they were married by ___________________ clergy and had to have ___________ ______________ with them at all times.Christian, ID cards14
4144576344How many years did Gandhi remain in South Africa?2115
4144580943What are the 5 methods of resistance advanced by Gandhi in South Africa?1) Satyagraha; 2) Ahimsa; 3) Civil disobedience; 4) Ashram; and 5) publisher16
4144617609What was the "truth force" that called for self-sacrificing non-violent mass demonstrations called?Satyagraha17
4144633443What was non-violence in the face of attacks called?Ahimsa18
4144657685What was the establishment of a headquarters providing living and working quarters for Gandhi, his family, and Gandhi's closest allies called?Ashram19
4144675830Which two leaders of resistance movements adopted Gandhi's methods of resistance?Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela20
4144692776In 1909, Gandhi published what book banned in India that championed India's own civilization, exhorted Indians to conquer their feelings of fear and inferiority, and attacked British hegemony?Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule21
4144702683What were the resistance methods established by Gandhi labeled?Passive resistance22
4144715516What Indian National Congress member led the call for Britain to immediately leave India in 1907?Bal GangadharTilak23
4144753104What were the voluntary boycott of imported goods and instead using indigenous products called?Swadeshi24
4144769599True/False When Gandhi returned to India, he created the independence movement in India?False25
4144785143What skill did Gandhi possess that helped the independence movement get new leadership and direction?Organizational26
4144815636Gandhi came to direct what type of local organizations such as Champaran in Bihar (1917), in Kheda (1917), in Bardoli (1922), and in Gujarat (1928)?Peasant movements27
4144834288What group organized against local employers and not the British was helped by Gandhi in 1919?Millworkers in Ahmedabad28
4144853786Gandhi unified and reorganized what organization to make them due-paying members and standing executive committee?Indian National Congress29
4144859174How did Gandhi mobilize India?Cultivating personal and political alliances with major regional leaders30
4144875593Which two groups in India opposed Gandhi and why?Socialist thought he was too pro-business and Muslims thought he would not be inclusive31
4144884983In order to promote Hindu-Muslim unity, Gandhi sought to create what type of government?Secular egalitarian government with religious freedom32
4144899879Even after Gandhi's attempt to establish a secular egalitarian government, which group still had concerns about Gandhi?Muslims33
4144903123True/False Gandhi was assassinated by a Muslim because he was anti-muslim in 1948?False34
4144907833True/False Gandhi was not opposed to the caste system?True35
4144926794Gandhi sought to abolish the law of untouchability and in doing so called the "untouchables" in India what term that means "children of God?"Harijan36
4144932157In protest, the "untouchables" in India refused to call themselves children of God and instead called themselves what term that mean "oppressed people?"Dalits37
4144967445In preparing for the new constitution, Gandhi refused what demand of the dalits because he was concerned that the dalits would create a nation-within-a-nation?Dalits could only vote for dalits38
4144994475True/False Gandhi accepted the use of English in public life and in schools because he understood that learning English kept India more closely in touch with world developments.False39
4145009581What was prohibited or restricted in India as a result of Gandhi's opposition?Alcohol40
4145018666Gandhi's concern for appropriate technology caused the Congress Party to adopt what things to reflect its opposition?1) Spinning wheel as its emblem; 2) hand-spun, hand-woven cloth as its dress; and 3) production quotas required for membership41
4145022801Which Gandhi disciple split with Gandhi on the issue of technology and industrialization?Nehru42
4145059736Gandhi led what 3 nationwide satyagraha campaigns (include year(s))?1) Non-cooperation campaign (1920-22); 2) Salt March (1930-32); and 3) Quit India (1942)43
4145079047Which satyagraha boycotted British colonial schools, law courts, administrative positions, manufacturers, and imports?Non-cooperation campaign44
4145098089Instead of being forced to buy salt from the British monopolies, Ghandi protested this monopoly through disobedience by collecting salt from where?The sea45
4145104360Which satyagraha refused Indian political support to Britain's efforts in WWII unless India was granted independence?Quit India46
4145110496How many miles and how long was the Salt March?240 miles and 27 days47
4145134734Realpolitik and morality were factors in India's independence. What is realpolitik?Reality and importance of everyday politics48
4145145813What are 2 reasons Britain relinquished its empire in India?1) Loss of ideological commitment to maintain empire and 2) loss of economic (global depression) and military power (WWII) to hold India49
4145170372Pakistan emerged as a result of what group relocating from India?Muslims50
4145184541What group fled Pakistan and relocated to India?Hindus51
4145181991India and Pakistan exploded into warfare in 1947 and again in 1965 over what area?Kashmir52
4145191895In 1965, the Kashmir truce/boundary line came about according to the wishes of what group?Citizens53
4145197112In what year did Sri Lanka/East Pakistan gain its independence from Britain?194854
4145229918What was Sri Lanka was originally called after it gained independence?East Pakistan55
4145240845What language did West Pakistan primarily speak?Urdu56
4145268425What language did East Pakistan primarily speak?Bengali57
4145221241Pakistan and India fought in 1971 over what country's independence from Pakistan?Sri Lanka58
4145285761Instead of being formed as a non-official, social service institution as envisioned by Gandhi, Congress members transformed it into what type of organization?Political party59
4145374208What are two things that were done to avert fragmentation?1) Princes were convinced to merge with India's new government and 2) the Congress was organized by linguistic regions60
4145424658What was the time period from 1975-77 India was ruled as a dictatorship under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was called?Emergency Rule61
4145445347Except for two years, India has been operated as what type of government since its independence from Britain?Democracy62
4145469836In the 1950s, small groups of revolutionary guerrillas tried to replace democracy with what type of government?Militant communism63
4145520159What forced India to move towards a free-market/laissez-faire capitalist economy in 1991?New International Monetary Fund regulations64
4145529720Which political party control India for the first 4 decades of independence?Congress Party65
4145561076What was instituted as a result of women being integral to the struggle for independence?Universal adult suffrage66
4145601609Gandhi's daughter Indira Gandhi was named prime minister in what year?196667
4145616136Prior to becoming prime minister, Mrs. Gandhi succeed what other famous Indian politician as Minister of Information and Broadcasting?Nehru68
4145671669What was Prime Minister Gandhi's socialist motto that split the party in a bitter struggle?Down with Poverty69
4145675591In 1974 Prime Minister Gandhi order what for the first time?Atomic bomb test70
4145731631In what year did Prime Minister Gandhi make India's President declare an "Emergency" where all of the opposition leaders were jailed, free speech was curtailed, and sterilization was forced upon its people?197571
4145754879The "Emergency" was ended and elections restored in what year?197772
4145769633Opposition to Prime Minister Gandhi, after her reelection in 1980, was centered in what important Sikh shrine?The Golden Temple in Amritsar73
4145775374In what year was Prime Minster assassinated by two Sikh members of her personal bodyguard?198474
4145785353Why was she assassinated?The Golden Temple was destroyed75
4145792098The 1955 Hindu Marriage Act did what two things to advance women's rights?1) Raised the age of marriage for women to 15 and 2) assured Hindu women the right to divorce76
4145799197How did the 1956 Hindu Succession Act advanced women's rights?It gave daughters equal inheritance rights with sons77
4145828169What group of women did not obtain any rights with either the 1955 Hindu Marriage Act or the 1956 Hindu Succession Act?Non-Hindu women78
4145844796Most of India follow what two types of ancestry and marital residency systems?1) Patrilineal and 2) Patrilocal79
4145848433What is the tracing of ancestry, kinship, and inheritance through the male line?Patrilineal80
4145857146What is a system where couples reside in or near the home of the male's family or group?Patrilocal81
4145878460What is the self-immolation by a widow at her husband's funeral?Sati82
4145898450The condition of poor women in rural areas deteriorated as a result of what two things?1) Increase in prosperity caused by the new economic system and 2) increased urbanization83
4145907215What 4 factors affected women's work?1) Displaced agriculture work when husbands left for cities; 2) caste-based jobs were hard to find; 3) mechanization; and 4) changed cropping patterns made their help unnecessary84
4145922892What was one response to the economic changes suffered by women in India?Development of micro-capitalism through local women's organizations85
4145939161What spurred farm production after independence which allowed India to produce enough to feed its burgeoning population?The Green Revolution86
4145954599What spurred increase in dairy production and distribution, along with, the creation of dairy cooperatives?The White Revolution87
4145965930Ecological questions and the increased disparities between the haves and nave-nots were problems that came about as a result of which revolution?The Green Revolution88
4145974037Because land control and redistribution was left to the states the process was considered what?Slow89
4145988627Birth rates in India fell by what percentage from 1947 to 1985?11% (from 44% to 33%)90
4145995584Life expectancy rose to what age from 1947 to 1985?5691
4146000646According to the World Health Organization, what percentage of India's children are malnourished?66%92
4146021783True/False Increased industrial productivity created more jobs just as Gandhi has expected.False93
4146026222India's focus recently shifted to what industry?High tech94
4146036957Why did India serve as a role model for the newly independent countries?It was first major colony to gain independence95
4146046210What caused India's international role to decline?Loss to China in 196296
4146056328The loss to China prompted India to spend more on its military. It increased its spending to how much by 1987?$9.8 billion USD97
4146065030Even though India remained a dominant power in South Asia, two things made India a questionable world model?1) Persistent poverty and 2) high illiteracy98
4146082786True/False Mao and Gandhi both mobilized the rural areas.True99
4146084136True/False Mao and Gandhi were both educated in the West.False100
4146088461How did Mao and Gandhi's experience with agrarian issue impact their policies?They both were driven by improving the conditions of those that worked in agriculture101
4146106218True/False Mao and Gandhi both facilitated increased women's rights in their new governments.True102

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