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| 12505416715 | Protoindustrialization | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products; working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution. | 0 | |
| 12505416716 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic Seaboard between 1775-1783; resulted in Independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America | 1 | |
| 12505416717 | French Revolution | Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of bourbon monarchy and old regimes; end it with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movement and constitutions in Europe | 2 | |
| 12505416718 | Louis XVI | (1754-1793)Bourbon monarch of France was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution | 3 | |
| 12505416719 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); state of the fundamental equality of all of French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements | 4 | |
| 12505416720 | Guillotine | Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilize to execute thousands during most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror | 5 | |
| 12505416721 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Rose with in the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became General; leather couch that end of the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 | 6 | |
| 12505416722 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes | 7 | |
| 12505416723 | Nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe;Austin allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture race or ethnic origins. | 8 | |
| 12505416724 | Conservative | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; oppose Revolution; advocated restoration of the monarchy and defense of church. | 9 | |
| 12505416725 | Liberal | Political Viewpoint with oranges and Western Europe during the 19th century; stress limited state interference in individual life; representation of propertied people in government; urgent importance of constitutional rule and Parliaments. | 10 | |
| 12505416726 | Radical | Political viewpoint me the origins of Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights in the world; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes | 11 | |
| 12505416727 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans | 12 | |
| 12505416728 | Socialism | Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted to take control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man | 13 | |
| 12505416729 | Revisionism | Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine;believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions | 14 | |
| 12505416730 | Feminist Movements | Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active and Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s | 15 | |
| 12505416731 | Chartist Movement | Attempt by Artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform between the Reform Bill of 1832 were never incorporated into series of petitions; movements failed | 16 | |
| 12505416732 | Louis Pasteur | French scientist who discovered relationship between germs and disease in 19th century, leading to better sanitation | 17 | |
| 12505416733 | Balkan Nationalism | Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I | 18 | |
| 12505416734 | Karl Marx | (1818-1883)German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movement as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; practice necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship | 19 | |
| 12505416735 | Charles Darwin | Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argue that all living species evolve into their present form through the ability to adapt in the struggle for survival | 20 | |
| 12505416736 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I | 21 | |
| 12505416737 | Triple Entente | Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War 1 | 22 | |
| 12505416738 | Population Revolution | Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50%, England and Prussia 100% | 23 | |
| 12505416739 | Age of Revolution | A period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American revolution in 1775 and continuing through thr French Revolution of 1789 and other movements fir change up to 1848 | 24 | |
| 12505416740 | French Revolution of 1830 | Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movment that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy | 25 | |
| 12505416741 | Belgian Revolution of 1830 | Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy | 26 | |
| 12505416742 | Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle classs | 27 | |
| 12505416743 | James Watt | Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution | 28 | |
| 12505416744 | Factory System | Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline | 29 | |
| 12505416745 | Luddites | Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd | 30 | |
| 12505416746 | French Revolution of 1848 | Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic | 31 | |
| 12505416747 | Revoltuions of 1848 | The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, after temporary success they were suppressed | 32 | |
| 12505416748 | Benjamin Disraeli | British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform | 33 | |
| 12505416749 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unifcation in 1858; created a consitiutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont | 34 | |
| 12505416750 | Social Question | Issues relating to repressed classes in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 | 35 | |
| 12505416751 | Mass Leisure Culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theatre, vacation trips, and team sports | 36 | |
| 12505416752 | Atlantic Revolutions vs Industrial Revolution | nationalism and political structure vs increased production and expanded manufacturing | 37 | |
| 12505416753 | Kingdom of Mataram | Kingdom that controlled interior regions of Java in the 17th century; Dutch East India Company paid tribute to the kingdom for rights of trade at Batavia; weakness of Kingdom after 1670's allowed Dutch to exert control over all Java | 38 | |
| 12505416754 | Sepoys | Troops that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India. | 39 | |
| 12505416755 | Raj | British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India. | 40 | |
| 12505416756 | Plassey (1757) | Battle in 1775 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Sirud-daula ruler of Bengal; British victory resulted in control of northern India.f | 41 | |
| 12505416757 | Robert Clive | (1727-1774) Architect of British victory at Plassey in 1757; established foundations of British Raj in India (18th century) | 42 | |
| 12505416758 | Presidencies | Three districts that made up the directly ruled British territories in India; capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay. | 43 | |
| 12505416759 | Princely States | Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj; agents of East India Company were stationed at the rulers' courts to ensure compliance; made up over 1/3 British Indian Empire. | 44 | |
| 12505416760 | Nabobs | Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation. | 45 | |
| 12505416761 | Charles Cornwallis | Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administration; checked widespread corruption. | 46 | |
| 12505416762 | Isandhlwana (1879) | Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of the British; one of the few victories of African forces over Western Europeans. | 47 | |
| 12505416763 | Tropical Dependencies | The greater portion of the European empires consisting of Africa, Asia, and South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of large Western people. | 48 | |
| 12505416764 | White Dominions | Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Austria with growing independence in the 19th century. | 49 | |
| 12505416765 | Settler Colonies | Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants. | 50 | |
| 12505416766 | White Racial Supremacy | Belief in the inherent mental, moral, and cultural superiority of whites; peaked in acceptance in decades before WWI; supported by social science doctrines of social Darwinists such as Herbert Spencer. | 51 | |
| 12505416767 | Great Trek | Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of Southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. | 52 | |
| 12505416768 | Boer Republic | Transvaal and Orange Free State in Southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into Boer areas in 1860s. | 53 | |
| 12505416769 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold in diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe. Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, salesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. | 54 | |
| 12505416770 | Boer War (1899-1902) | War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies. | 55 | |
| 12505416771 | James Cook | (Captain) Made voyages to Hawaii from 1777-1779 resulting in openings to islands to the West; convinced Kamehamehah to establish a unified kingdom in the islands. | 56 | |
| 12505416772 | Kamehameha | (Prince) Fought series of wars backed by British Weapons and advisers resulting in unified Hawaiian kingdom by 1810; as king he promoted economic change encouraging western merchant to establish export trade in Hawaiian goods. | 57 | |
| 12505416773 | Toussaint L'Overture | (1743-1803) Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | 58 | |
| 12505416774 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established the independence movement among American Indian and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed | 59 | |
| 12505416775 | Augustin de Iturbide | (1783-1824) Conservative Creole officer in Mexican Army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824 | 60 | |
| 12505416776 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in Northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia | 61 | |
| 12505416777 | Jose de San Martin | (1778-1850) The leader of the struggle for Independence in southern South America. Born and Argentina, he served in the Spanish Army but joined in the movement for Independence in the Revolutionary Army that crossed the Andes and help to liberate Chile in 1817 to 1818, later collaborating with Simon Boulevard in the liberation of Peru. As "protector of Peru" He instituted a number of liberal reforms. For political reasons he went into exile in Europe in 1823. | 62 | |
| 12505416778 | Joao VI | Portuguese monarchy who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian Peninsula; made Brazil seat of Empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. | 63 | |
| 12505416779 | Pedro I | (1798-1834) Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the Declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. | 64 | |
| 12505416780 | Andres Santa Cruz | Mestizo General who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. | 65 | |
| 12505416781 | Caudillos | Independent leaders who dominate local area by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government to impose their concept; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. | 66 | |
| 12505416782 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who wish to create strong centralized national government with broad powers; often supported by politicians who describe themselves as conservatives. | 67 | |
| 12505416783 | Federalists | Latin American politician who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be sent by regional government rather than centralized national administration; often supported by politicians who describe themselves as liberals. | 68 | |
| 12505416784 | Monroe Doctrine | American Declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United State; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade. | 69 | |
| 12505416785 | Guano | Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; Exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; Income of trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. | 70 | |
| 12505416786 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire in Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States and Mexican-American war in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. | 71 | |
| 12505416787 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | (1848) Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; Provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America. | 72 | |
| 12505416788 | Benito Juarez | (1806-1872) The governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican empire under Maximilian; resorted to power in 1867 until his death in 1872. | 73 | |
| 12505416789 | La Reforma | The liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna. | 74 | |
| 12505416790 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867. | 75 | |
| 12505416791 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy | 76 | |
| 12505416792 | Spanish-American War | War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines | 77 | |
| 12505416793 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; completed 1914 | 78 | |
| 12505416794 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; Led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about 1/2 of Mexico's national territory to the United States. | 79 | |
| 12505416795 | Gran Colombia | Independence state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar; existed only until to 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations | 80 | |
| 12505416796 | Rafael Carrera | Ruled Guatemala from 1839 to 1865, sincerely took the interest of the American Indian majority to heart | 81 | |
| 12505416797 | Positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific apporach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of indpendence | 82 | |
| 12505416798 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Beunos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists | 83 | |
| 12505416799 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil betweeen 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil | 84 | |
| 12505416800 | Mask of Ferdinand | Term given to the movmement in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; they were actually Creole movements for independence | 85 | |
| 12505416801 | Manifest Destiny | Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific | 86 | |
| 12505416802 | La Reforma | Name of Juarez's liberal revolution | 87 | |
| 12505416803 | Guanchos | Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region | 88 | |
| 12505416804 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Federalist leader in Beunos Aires, took over power in 1831; commanded loyalty of guanchos; restored local autonomy | 89 | |
| 12505416805 | Dependency Theory | The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like Western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America | 90 | |
| 12505416806 | Porfiro Diaz | One of Juarez's generals; elected President of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years | 91 | |
| 12505416807 | August Conte | 19th century French philospher; founder of positivism, a philopshpy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society | 92 | |
| 12505416808 | Maximilien Robespiere (1758-1794) | Led radical French Revolution in France. Crated the "Cult of the Supreme Being" | 93 | |
| 12505416809 | Emmeline Pankhurst | Radical femenist in England who fought violently for suffrage | 94 |
