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| 5976627568 | Persians | Lived in present-day Iran | 0 | |
| 5976627569 | Darius | Best organizer among Persian kings Divided empire into 23 provinces ruled by Satraps Very tolerant (accepted diff. languages, as well as religions and laws) | 1 | |
| 5976627570 | Satraps | Governors | 2 | |
| 5976627571 | Persepolis | Artisans built this city Most magnificent city in empire Had huge network of roads that allowed trade and easy movement of soldiers | 3 | |
| 5976627572 | Royal Road | longest road in Persian Empire Had mini-stations along roads so travelers could get resources, such as water, food and horses | 4 | |
| 5976627573 | Zoroastrianism | 6/7th BC Followed teachings of Zoroaster Said there was struggle between good and evil in world What you do now in this world will influence your position in the after-life (eternal life = good; misery = bad) Big emphasis on free will of mankind Did not spread farther than the Middle East Invasions of Alexander the Great as well as Islam impacted the growth of Zoroastrianism; Declined | 5 | |
| 5976627574 | Aegean Area | Ancient Greece included the Balkan Peninsula & small rocky islands in the Aegean Sea 3/4 of Greek mainland = mountains Protected Greeks from foreign invaders/attackers Kept Greeks isolated from other communities Prevented Greeks from uniting under one government Between the mountain ranges = fertile plains good for farming Mild climate People spent much of their time outdoors Meetings held in public squares Teachers met students in public gardens Open theaters Despite lack of unity -- Greeks spoke same language & practiced same religion (polytheistic) Greeks turned to the seas to earn a living --> no place in Greece is more than 50 miles from a coast | 6 | |
| 5976627575 | Aegean Civilization | 2500 BCE - 1100 BCE | 7 | |
| 5976627576 | The Minoans | Lived on the island of Crete (off the coast of Greece) Ruled by King Minos Had a large palace at Knossos that contained labyrinths = mazes Story of Minos and the Minotaur (half man, half bull) Women enjoyed a higher status in society than in other civilizations Chief deity = goddess of the Earth Made a living from sea trade -- dominated eastern Mediterranean Sea trade Protected the seas from pirates Collapsed about 1350 BCE --> 2 theories why: Large tidal wave destroyed cities Mycenaeans (from mainland) attacked & invaded Crete | 8 | |
| 5976627577 | The Mycenaeans | Indo-Europeans that migrated to Greece Intermarried with local people there (called Hellenes) Adopted parts of Minoan culture Worshipped same Mother Earth Metalworking, shipbuilding, navigation by sun & stars Flourished 1600-1100 BCE Know much about them through Homer Told the story of the Trojan War & the sack of Troy Archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann used the works of Homer to find Troy and Mycenae |  | 9 |
| 5976627578 | Homer | Two most famous Greek epics = The Iliad and The Odyssey The Iliad = about the Trojan War & features the story of the Trojan Horse The Odyssey = about the journey of King Odysseus after the fall of Troy Stories were used to teach Greek values | 10 | |
| 5976627579 | Greek Religion | Religion necessary to the well-being of the state Each polis had a patron 12 chief gods/goddesses Mt. Olympus performed rituals Held festivals in honor of gods 1st gaming festival at Olympia in 776 BCE Went to oracles (sacred shrines) to see the future through the gods' priest Most famous was Oracle of Delphi | 11 | |
| 5976627580 | Greek Theater | Greeks performed plays = 1st play = tribute to Dionysus = god of wine, fertility, and parties Started off as songs then poems then dialogue | 12 | |
| 5976627581 | The Polis | A city-state = center of Greek life A town, city, or even a village along with the surrounding countryside Social, political, & religious center Center of polis was the hill with the acropolis - fortified building in the center Below the acropolis was the agora or market Above all - a community of people who shared a common identity and common goals Citizens with political rights (adult males) Citizens with no political rights (women & children) Non-citizens (slaves & resident aliens) People belonged to the polis, not to themselves Fiercely patriotic independent states Had aristocratic soldiers or hoplites - they formed a formation called a phalanx |  | 13 |
| 5976627582 | Greek Colonies & Trade | 750-550 BCE 2 factors Good farmland Growth of trade Est. colonies in southern France, southern Italy, eastern Spain, & northern Africa west of Egypt Set up new polis' Byzantium the most famous polis outside Greece Created a new wealthy aristocracy Farmers on mainland produced wine, olive oil, and other cash crops for export Greek trade expanded throughout the Mediterranean region 600s BCE = Greeks replaced barter system with money system Began producing textiles (cloth) and pottery | 14 | |
| 5976627583 | Greek Political and Social Change | Greek communities first ruled by kings -- kings soon lost power to landholding aristocrats = nobles Disputes between aristocrats and commoners (especially farmers) often arose Farmers fell into debt Aristocrats took their land in payment and farmers became sharecroppers/day laborers, or debt slaves As a result of the unrest: tyrannies arose Tyrant = one man --> seized power by force and ruled the polis Most were fair; a few were cruel and unjust Tyrannies ruled until 500 BCE 500 BCE - 336 BCE = city-states were oligarchies or democracies Oligarchy = a few wealthy people hold power Democracy = government by the people 2 most famous Greek city-states: Athens = democracy Sparta = oligarchy | 15 | |
| 5976627584 | Athens vs. Sparta | 2 leading city-states = Sparta & Athens; very different from one another | 16 | |
| 5976627585 | Sparta | Founded by descendants of Dorian invaders (from "dark ages") Located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula (southern Greece) Invaded neighboring city-states & enslaved people Slaves were called helots Slaves farmed the estates of the Spartans Spartans developed a militaristic society to keep control over the people Started this after they suppressed a 30 year revolt by the helots All life revolved around the army Only healthy babies were allowed to live Boys entered the military at age 7 Stayed in the military until age 60 | 17 | |
| 5976627586 | Role of Women in Sparta | Women, like men, were expected to exercise and be strong Spartan women trained in gymnastics, boxing, and wrestling Needed to produce healthy babies Had more freedoms than other Greek women Could go shopping in the marketplace, express political opinions, own property, etc. Could NOT take part in government though | 18 | |
| 5976627587 | Sparta Gov. | 2 kings ruled Sparta, but had little power Led the army & conducted religious services Assembly had most power = group of male citizens over age of 30 Council of Elders served as Supreme Court and proposed laws to the Assembly = 28 men over age of 60 Sparta was behind other city-states in economics, philosophy, science, and arts Rulers afraid of change; afraid of outside influence | 19 | |
| 5976627588 | Athens | Founded by descendants of Mycenaeans Lived on Attica peninsula Athens' citizenship included more people than Sparta's did Constitution = all free, Athenian-born men were citizens, regardless of land ownership Reduced friction between social classes | 20 | |
| 5976627589 | Athenian Rulers | Draco = 621 BCE Issued an improved WRITTEN code of laws with very harsh penalties Because the laws were written down, everyone knew what they were Draconian = word that has come to mean harsh or severe Solon = 594 BCE Cancelled all land debt & debt slavery Placed limits on how much land a person could own Promoted trade by making farmers grow cash crops Required fathers to teach their sons a skill Allowed all citizens to participate in the Assembly & courts of law Cleisthenes (ruler - 508 BCE) Considered the Father of Athenian Democracy Assembly most powerful Athenian political body Members were chosen by a lottery system - limit of 500 citizens | 21 | |
| 5976627590 | Athenian Democracy | Citizens still only 20% of population This excluded slaves, women, and foreign-born Citizens considered equal before the law; granted freedom of speech Jury system established System of Ostracism = Athenians could get rid of undesirable politicians | 22 | |
| 5976627591 | Athenian Education | Depended on social & economic status Athenian citizens were required to educate their sons Main textbooks were the Iliad and the Odyssey Learned arithmetic, geometry, drawing, music, gymnastics, and rhetoric (art of public speaking) At 18, boys entered the military for 2 years Girls didn't receive a formal education - were trained in household duties | 23 | |
| 5976627592 | The challenge of Persia | 499 BCE, revolt of Ionian states in Persian empire Aided by Athenian navy Darius (leader of Persia) wanted revenge 490 BCE - Persians landed on Marathon (26 miles from Athens) outnumbered Athenians (4:1) defeated Persians Pheidippides' run 486 BCE - Xerxes (leader of Persia after Darius) attacked @ Thermopylae 7,000 Greeks led by King Leonidas stood firm for 3 days until betrayed by another Greek Leonidas sent home most of his troops to save them He and 300 Spartans stayed to fight They lost, but gave Athenian General Themistocles time to carry out his plan to defeat the Persians at sea | 24 | |
| 5976627593 | Themistocles | Oracle at Delphi said Greeks would be safe behind a "wooden wall" Athenian General Themistocles believed "wooden wall" meant fleet of ships & that they needed to challenge the Persians at sea Greek army had to set up a distraction on land to build this fleet at sea Greeks chose Thermopylae as place for distraction | 25 | |
| 5976627594 | Battle of Salamis | Themistocles drew the Persian fleet to the Strait of Salamis Greek navy destroyed Persian fleet in the strait 479 BCE - Greeks finally defeated Persians at Plataea ending the war Athens emerged as a powerful city-state | 26 | |
| 5976627595 | The growth of Athens | After war Athens formed a defensive alliance w/ other Greeks against Persians - Delian League By controlling the League, Athens created an empire | 27 | |
| 5976627596 | Age of Pericles | Height of Athenian power & brilliance Built the Parthenon | 28 | |
| 5976627597 | Quest for Beauty and Meaning | Greek civilization reached its peak in the mid-400s BCE, particularly in Athens Known as the Golden Age Artistic style was classical = simple, graceful, and balanced Advancements in philosophy, literature, and drama | 29 | |
| 5976627598 | Greek Arts | Excelled at portraying the human form Krater = for mixing water and wine Amphora = large vase for storing oil & other supplies --> decorated with art showing mythology Kylix = drinking cup --> decorated with scenes of everyday life | 30 | |
| 5976627599 | The Symposion | Upper-class men participated in symposia Symposion = drinking session following a banquet Discussed public affairs, philosophy, literature | 31 | |
| 5976627600 | The Peleponessian War | Greece divided into 2 camps: 1) the Delian League 2) the Spartan Confederation 431- 404 BCE Due to plague and military defeat, Athens lost to Spartans Caused chaos & ruined any chance of cooperation between Greek city-states | 32 | |
| 5976627601 | Greek Drama | Wrote plays presented in outdoor theaters 1st dramas were tragedies built around a common theme (made into trilogies) Ex. the Oresteia by Aeschylus Sophocles - Oedipus trilogy Euripides - Medea Aristophanes = most famous writer of Greek comedies | 33 | |
| 5976627602 | Medicine | Hippocrates --> "father of medicine" Believed that diseases had natural causes Strongly advocated proper hygiene (health care), a good diet, and plenty of rest Wrote a code for ethical medical conduct = Hippocratic Oath --> still used today | 34 | |
| 5976627603 | Greek Philosophy | Philosophy ("love of wisdom")- organized system of thought to explain life's questions Their philosophy laid the foundations for history, political science, biology and logic (science of reasoning) Pythagoras - universe could be understood through math and music Pythagorean Theorem Sophists - a group of teachers in the 5th century BCE Rejected speculation Stressed rhetoric - art of persuasive speaking in winning debates and swaying an audience | 35 | |
| 5976627604 | Socrates | Taught through dialogues based on question and answer Socratic Method "the unexamined life is not worth living" Taught many including Plato Questioned authority accused & convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens by teaching them to question & think for themselves A jury sentenced him to die by drinking hemlock (poison) | 36 | |
| 5976627605 | Plato | Wrote a great deal of material Theory of Forms Belief in a higher world of eternal, unchanging Forms has always existed Forms make up reality & only the trained mind can become aware or understand these Forms The cave Studied gov't in his book the Republic Individuals could not achieve a good life unless they lived in a just & rational state Best gov't has 3 groups Philosopher-kings Warriors The masses | 37 | |
| 5976627606 | Aristotle | Studied under Plato Did not accept idea of Forms Thought that by examining individual objects one could perceive their form Ideas lay in analyzing & classifying things based on observation & investigation Would influence modern scientific method Studied ethics, logic, politics, poetry, astronomy, geology, biology, & physics In his Politics, Aristotle says the 3 best forms of gov't are: monarchy, aristocracy, & constitutional gov't | 38 | |
| 5976627607 | History | History was created by the Greeks Herodotus wrote the History of the Persian Wars Called the Father of History Thucydides (considered to be the best historian of the ancient world) wrote History of the Peloponnesian War Rejected the idea that deities played a role in history Writings were accurate and impartial | 39 | |
| 5976627608 | Macedonia | As Greece fought each other during the 5th cent. BCE, Macedonia grew in power By the mid-4th century BCE Macedonian king Phillip II overwhelmed the other Greeks to control all of Greece. | 40 | |
| 5976627609 | Alexander the Great | Son of Phillip II Taught by Aristotle Marched into Persia with 37,000 men & over 5,000 cavalry By 333 BCE, freed all of Asia Minor from Persia Over the next 6 years, Alexander and his armies conquered every land from Greece to India | 41 | |
| 5976627610 | Legacy of Alexander | Spread Greek language, architecture, literature, & art throughout SW Asia & the Near East Hellenistic - means "to imitate the Greeks" Cultural diffusion Greeks also absorbed aspects of Eastern culture | 42 | |
| 5976627611 | Hellenistic Kingdom | June 323 BCE - died at age 32 Alexander's kingdom was divided into 3 by his generals: 1) Antigonus took Greece & Macedonia 2) Ptolemy took Egypt 3) Seleucus took Asia By 300 BCE - no unity Period of cultural accomplishment Library @ Alexandria the largest in Ancient world (over 5,000 scrolls) Jewish scholars translated the Old Testament into Greek Leaders spent money to beautify cities Created baths, theaters, & temples 1000s of statues erected Apollonius of Rhodes wrote the Argonautica (about Jason & the Golden Fleece) | 43 | |
| 5976627612 | Hellenistic Science | Euclid - wrote textbook on plane geometry Archimedes - famous for work on geometry of spheres & cylinders established the value of pi Devised water screw for irrigation | 44 | |
| 5976627613 | Hellenistic Philosophies | Epicureanism, Stoicism, Cynicism & Skepticism Epicurus - founder of Epicureanism Humans should follow self-interests Happiness - goal in life To achieve happiness one must pursue pleasure Pleasure - freedom from emotional turmoil & worry Free oneself from public activity Cynicism - founded by Diogenes Belief that humans are driven by selfish interests Scorned pleasure, wealth, and social responsibilities Virtue is the only good Stoicism - est. by Zeno Men should be free from passion and bear what life gave them Public service was noble Skepticism - developed by Pyrrho Questioned the validity (truth) of knowledge considered factual | 45 |
