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| 5002350639 | Greek Method of Control | Competing City-States with varying degrees of citizen participation Most democratic of second-wave civilizations - equality for all Amount of citizen participation varied from city-state and over time (becoming more democratic with time). Women, slaves, and foreigners were not allowed citizenship. | 0 | |
| 5002419205 | Greek Social Systems | Patriarchy - Men had rights to voting and political system, women, slaves, and foreigners did not. Athens more restrictive to women than sparta. Sparta viewed women as vessels for their warriors. Helots - captured peopled that were treated close to slavery - lowest | 1 | |
| 5002485778 | Greek Relationship to Environments | Deforestation and desertification Soil erosion due to deforestation | 2 | |
| 5002544226 | Persia Method of Control | Empire centered on an elaborate cult of kingship. Monarch was secluded and approached under ritual only Kings were absolute - ruled with forced Under king were satraps (governors) and a system of spies were in each province. Had system of tax collectors, administrators, record keepers, translators | 3 | |
| 5002596256 | Persia Social System | Zoroastrianism was the religion. Changed polytheism of Persia's early religions to one of monotheistic. Readily adopted foreign customs. Very diverse with many languages and cultural traditions. | 4 | |
| 5002600712 | Persia Relationship to Environment | Made elaborate underground irrigation system to sustain rich agricultural society. | 5 | |
| 5002702698 | Hellenes | Greeks | 6 | |
| 5002705822 | Roman Empire Method of Control | Unified Mediterranean basin under one empire. Men of the wealthy class (patricians) dominated in the counsels and assembly. Poor class (plebeians) had some protection from code of law, had some ability to shape public policy in assemblies, and were represented by tribunes where they could block unfavorable legislation. Grew and ruled with militaristic force | 7 | |
| 5002757545 | Roman Empire Social System | Senate ruled by patricians. Had a huge slave population (Spartacus rebellion) Even poor households had slaves. Most slaves were captured prisoners of war. Slavery not identified with a particular ethnic or racial group - all types of people slaves. Slaves may have lived better than free poor due to requirements to keep slaves well. Slaves performed all kinds of jobs - government to household. | 8 | |
| 5002804341 | Roman Relationship to the Environment | Population decline by 25% after 250 CE due to disease. Urban sprawl with noise and air pollution Extensive deforestation to support mining and smelting Also lead in air from smelting. | 9 | |
| 5002853284 | India Methods of Control | No central authority. Citys and towns had their own authority - some ruled by republics and some by kings. Short lived Mauryan Empire (326-184 BCE) - similar to Persia and Chinese - had militaristic government with a brutal ruler. Ashoka changed with Buddhism conversion - enlightened ruler - religious and moral teachings. Later development of Caste system which kept groups in strict social status. | 10 | |
| 5002900632 | India Social System Caste and Jati | Caste system kept people in strict social system with little to no advancement. Jati was further division of Caste based on occupation. Religions included buddhism and hinduism. | 11 | |
| 5002920879 | India Relationship to Environment | Not sure - probably deforestation and conversion to farmland. | 12 | |
| 5002977021 | China Methods of Control | Invoked supernatural sections to support rule - Mandate of Heaven - Emperor is mandated by heaven as the ruler and must rule fairly. Conquered people became "Chinese", culturally, linguistically, and through marriage as a way to maintain control. Developed an elaborate bureaucracy. Period of disharmony and violence known as "age of warring states" led to new solutions - Legalist and Confucian. Legalist - Many rules and laws that are strictly enforced with rewards and harsh punishments. - Qin Dynasty. Confucianism - Confucius - built on the moral example of superiors and unequal relationships father to son, husband to wife, older brother to younger brother. Daoisim - Laozi - encourage behavior that was spontaneous and individualistic, following the way of nature | 13 | |
| 5003045960 | China Social System 4 classes | Rigidly patriarchal Elite of Officials - highest were educated government officials - family connections and money allowed entry Landlord class - Scholar-gentry class, owned large land estates which allowed others to work. Had great wealth. Peasants - Worked as farmers and paid high taxes. Peasant rebellion - Yellow Turban Rebellion Merchants - stereotyped as greedy and a social threat. Had wealth but not social status. | 14 | |
| 5003048518 | China Relationship to Environment | Large-scale ironworking led to urban air pollution Growth of intensive agriculture and logging stripped land of grass and forest leading to erosion. Erosion turned the Hwang-ho river yellow-brown - now known as Yellow River. | 15 | |
| 5003272980 | Chaco Canyon | Located in Western North America Lived in larger groups in pueblos - largest in Chaco Canyon (860 to 1100 CE) - Called Chaco Phenomenon - was 25,000 square mile community linked to five main centers and had a complex set of roads. In the end, warfare and possible cannibalism saw the end of the culture after years of drought. | 16 | |
| 5004763630 | Mound Builders | Mississippi River Valley - also called Hopewell Culture Hosted their own agricultural revolution - domesticated local plant species - but not enough to fully support and still hunt and gather. Created large earthen mounds - burial grounds with many artifacts also buried inside. Dominant center was Cahokia (st Louis, MO) with large mound pyramid. Had clear elite rulers and elite class of principal men. | 17 | |
| 5004806750 | Chavin | Located in the Andean mountains of Peru Focus of a religious movement that spread due to good location of town to coastal and mountain regions and routes to Amazon. Clear distinctions between elite class (living in stone houses) and ordinary people (living in adobe dwellings). Religion had Shamans that used snakes and hallucinogenic cactus for ceremonies. | 18 | |
| 5004851553 | Moche | Pan-Andean civilization that replaced Chavin. Dominating a 250 mile coast of Peru. (100 to 800 CE) Had a complex irrigation system using runoff from mountains. Governed by warrior priests who lived at the tops of pyramids. Also used hallucinogenic drugs. practiced human sacrifice. Were great craftsmen. Subject to environmental problems, torrential El Nino rains, earthquakes, and drought | 19 | |
| 5004905955 | Meroe | Nile Valley south of Egypt in Africa (300 BCE to 100 CE) Governed by an all powerful and sacred monarch which can be either a man or woman. City housed a wide variety of economic specialties, merchants, weavers, potters, masons, servants, laborers, and slaves. Smelting of iron and making of tools were prominent industries. People practiced both herding and farming. Wealth of Meroe was due to long distance trading using camel caravans and Nile River. Declined due to deforestation and new trade routes that favored Axum. | 20 | |
| 5004949508 | Axum | Located where Ethiopia is located today. Had highly productive agriculture using plow methods. Benefitted from Red Sea trading. Made stone obelisks. Language was Geez Axumite state governed over Agaw speaking people using tribute payments. Christianity was adopted by King Ezana in 4th century CE. Spread to Meroe and across Red Sea. Soil exhaustion, erosion, and deforestation led to decline. | 21 | |
| 5005031169 | Maya | A mesa-american civilization located in present day Guatemala and Mexican Yucatan region. El Mirador was largest city. developed advanced mathematics including concept of 0. Had most elaborate writing system of Americas Engineered their landscapes - drained swamps, build elaborate terraces. Elite classes of nobles, priests, merchants, architects, and a large labor class. Fragmented system of city-states with local lords and no central authority. Human sacrifice of prisoners. Decline due to famine, epidemic and warfare. | 22 | |
| 5005146299 | Teotihuacan | A large city-state in meso-America. Had a population of 100,000 to 200,000 people. Had the largest city in Americas and 6th largest in world at that time. Street of Dead - main road - off of it had complex apartment systems for commoners Two sections of city reserved for foreigners. Government system unknown. Had a strong military that took over surrounding regions. | 23 | |
| 5005194356 | Wari and Tiwanaku | Andean region civilizations between 400 and 1000 CE Centered around large urban capitals. Collected surplus food in warehouses. Established colonies vertically both in the lowlands and highlands. Wari used hillside terracing and irrigation Tiwanakus used "raised fields" by lifting planting surfaces from swamp land. Tiwanaku had fitted stone walls. | 24 | |
| 5005231711 | Bantu Speaking Peoples | Begin in Nigeria and Cameroon. Spread of language and culture slowly throughout sub-equitoral Africa. Brought ironworking technology and disease. Batwa people were "first owners of land" and Bantu elite later claim ancestry to have land. Some areas had no formal government, while some larger kingdoms evolved. Less patriarchal than other civilizations. No belief in higher god rather than a connection with the dead and spiritual world to guide them. | 25 | |
| 5005293092 | Jenne-jeno | Niger River Valley Prolonged dry period brought people of Southern Sahara to the region. Brough domesticated sheep and cattle. Not part of a larger empire and also not like city-states. They were complex urban structures without an overlying authority. Clusters of specialized settlements around larger central town. Had occupational castes whose members were passed to children and married within caste. Had extensive trade. | 26 | |
| 5005341440 | India Caste System | Varna - four ranked classes Brahmins - priests Kshatriyas - Warriors and rulers (government) Vaisya - farmers, merchants, artisans Sudra - labor Untouchables - later development - Polluted labor Jati - additional occupational divisions within Caste Began early Indian culture with Brahmins collecting a series of poems called Vedas which tell of early society. Patriarchal society that elite women had some rights. Brahmins (priests) had more wealth and control than some leaders. | 27 | |
| 5005372941 | Confucianism | Began from Confucius (551 to 479 BCE) Desired to find order in China again. It focused on human relationships, effective government, and social harmony. Consisted on unequal relationships: father superior to son, husband to wife, older brother to younger brother, ruler to subject, and so on. Superior party must behave with sincerity, benevolence and genuine concern for others, then inferior party will respond with deference and obedience resulting in Harmony. | 28 | |
| 5005420016 | Legalism | A view in Chinese culture that laws and rules must be put in place and upheld with rewards and strict punishments. Created reunification under Shihuangdi and Qin dynasty. Later replaced by Confucianism. | 29 | |
| 5005437088 | Daoism | Developed by Laozi. Encouraged the withdrawal into nature and spontaneous and individualistic behavior. Dao is the "way of nature." | 30 | |
| 5005467487 | Hinduism | The human soul was part of the Brahman (the World Soul) and the final goal of humankind was union with Brahman called Moksha. This takes many lifetimes and involves samsara (reincarnation). Karma determines where you are born in the caste system and is determine on past life actions. Very patriarchal - Laws of Manu- embryos are male and only weak sperm create females - young brides to older males. Had a second evolution of the religion in response to Buddhism. | 31 | |
| 5005559108 | Buddhism | Siddhartha Gautama, a prince, disillusioned set out on a six-year spiritual quest. Believed that suffering and sorrow was part of human life. Its cause was greed, hatred, delusion associated with individual identity. . To reach nirvana one must give up the individual identity through meditation and living a moral life. Went against Hindu Brahmins. Had a place for female nuns, but not as important as males. Still brought women into buddhism. Lost power in India, but gained ground in China. Mahayana buddhism believed Buddha as a god. | 32 | |
| 5005665878 | Zoastrainism | In the Persian empire. Replaced polytheism with monotheism. Acura Mazda was the one God. Angra Mainyu was the devil or opposing god. Free will important for individual to choose between good and evil. Would have a day of judgement with a final savior. Had heaven and hell components. | 33 | |
| 5005687647 | Judaism | Religion of the Hebrews. Migration from mesopotamia to Canaan finally to Palestine. Had a small state that split into two parts, Israel in the north and Judah in the south. Identity lay in created religious tradition rather than an empire. Yahweh was their god, a powerful a deity that did not allow for the worship of other gods. Believe their god favored them in battles and had control over destiny and fate. | 34 | |
| 5005726007 | Christianity | Jesus of Nazareth was the son of god and founder of the religion. His teachings had a political edge to them to take care of the poor. Although patriarchal it did allow some place for women. Christianity evolved slowly at first. Later adopted by Emperor Constantine of the Roman Empire. Also Coptic Christians of egypt - early sect. | 35 | |
| 5005767768 | Greek Rationalism | 36 |
