The terms and definitions for the vocabulary terms in Ways of the World: Chapter 7.
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| 11765337115 | American web | A term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this we nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas. | 0 | |
| 11765337116 | Angkor Wat | The largest religious structure in the premodern world, construction began on this temple located in modern Cambodia in he early 1100's C.E. It was built to express a Hindu understanding of the cosmos, centered on a mythical Mt. Mu, the home of the gods in Hindu tradition. | 1 | |
| 11765337117 | Black Death | The name given to the massive epidemic that swept Eurasia in the fourteenth century C.E.; it may have been bubonic plague, anthrax, or a collection of epidemic diseases. | 2 | |
| 11765337118 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | A series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500-1600 C.E. in response to the economic opportunities of trans-Saharan trade (especially control of gold production). | 3 | |
| 11765337119 | Great Zimbabwe | A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E. | 4 | |
| 11765337120 | Indian Ocean trading network | The world's largest sea-based exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops. | 5 | |
| 11765337121 | Thorfinn Karlsfeni | A well-born, wealthy merchant and seaman of Norwegian Viking background, Karlsfeni led an unsuccessful expedition to establish a colony on the coast of what is now Newfoundland, Canada, in the early eleventh century C.E. | 6 | |
| 11765337122 | pochteca | Professional merchants among the Aztecs. | 7 | |
| 11765337123 | Sand Roads | A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Sahara trade in Africa. | 8 | |
| 11765337124 | Silk Roads | Land-based trade roues that linked Eurasia. | 9 | |
| 11765337125 | Srivijaya | A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 670 and 1025 C.E.; noted for its creation of a native/Indian hybrid culture. | 10 | |
| 11765337126 | Swahili civilization | An East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements. | 11 | |
| 11765337127 | trans-Saharan slave trade | A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants. | 12 | |
| 11765337128 | Arabian camel | Important means of transportation for the Silk and Sand Roads | 13 | |
| 11765337129 | Sui Dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 14 | |
| 11765337130 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | 15 | |
| 11765337131 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. | 16 | |
| 11765337132 | Hangzhou | Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million. | 17 | |
| 11765337133 | Gunpowder | Invented within China during the 9th century, this substance was became the dominate military technology used to expand European and Asian empires by the 15th century. | 18 | |
| 11765337134 | Economic Revolution | A major economic quickening that took place in China under the Song dynasty (960-1279); marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and a great increase in industrial production and innovation. | 19 | |
| 11765337135 | Foot Binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. | 20 | |
| 11765337136 | Tribute System | Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute—produce of value from their countries—to the Chinese emperor (although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable). | 21 | |
| 11765337137 | Xiongnu | nomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty; emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC | 22 | |
| 11765337138 | Khitan/Jurchen people | A nomadic people who established a state that included parts of northern China (907-1125). (pron. kee-tahn); A nomadic people who established a state that included parts of northern China (1115-1234). | 23 | |
| 11765337139 | Silla Dynasty (Korea) | The first ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean peninsula (688-900 CE) | 24 | |
| 11765337140 | Hangul | alphabet that uses symbols to represent the sounds of spoken Korean | 25 | |
| 11765337141 | chu nom | A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; "southern script." | 26 | |
| 11765337179 | Shotuko | 27 | ||
| 11765337142 | Jesus Sutras | The product of Nestorian Christians living in China, these sutras articulate the Christian message using Buddhist and Daoist concepts. | 28 | |
| 11765337143 | Nubian Christianity | Emerging in the fifth and sixth centuries in the several kingdoms of Nubia to the south of Egypt, this Christian church thrived for six hundred years but had largely disappeared by 1500 C.E. by which time most of the region's population practiced Islam. | 29 | |
| 11765337144 | Ethiopian Christianity | Emerging in the fourth century with the conversion of the rulers of Axum, this Christian church proved more resilient than other early churches in Africa. Located in the mountainous highlands of modern Eritrea and Ethiopia, it was largely cut off from other parts of Christendom and developed traditions that made it distinctive from other Christian Churches. | 30 | |
| 11765337145 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. | 31 | |
| 11765337146 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 32 | |
| 11765337147 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 33 | |
| 11765337148 | Caesaropapism | A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire. | 34 | |
| 11765337149 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire and that did not recognize the Pope as its supreme leader | 35 | |
| 11765337150 | Icons | religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions | 36 | |
| 11765337151 | Kieven Rus | or Kievan Russia, was a medieval polity in Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 12th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237-1240. Ruler was Grand Duke of Kiev. boyars helped govern. very large; a monarchy with Rurik as the first prince; established in 855 c.e. | 37 | |
| 11765337152 | Prince Vladimir of Kiev | Grand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 C.E.) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy. | 38 | |
| 11765337153 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. | 39 | |
| 11765337154 | Holy Roman Empire | An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy | 40 | |
| 11765337155 | Roman Catholic Church | the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy | 41 | |
| 11765337156 | Western Christendom | Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C.E. that has still not been healed. | 42 | |
| 11765337157 | Cecilia Penifader | An illiterate peasant woman (1297-1344) from the English village of Brigstock, whose life provides a window into the conditions of ordinary rural people even if her life was more independent and prosperous than most. | 43 | |
| 11765337158 | Crusades | A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule. | 44 | |
| 11765337159 | Quran | The holy book of Islam | 45 | |
| 11765337160 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 46 | |
| 11765337161 | Pillars of Islam | The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible). | 47 | |
| 11765337162 | Hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam | 48 | |
| 11765337163 | Sharia | Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 49 | |
| 11765337164 | Jizya | Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire | 50 | |
| 11765337165 | Umayyad Caliphate | First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. | 51 | |
| 11765337166 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of. | 52 | |
| 11765337167 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238) | 53 | |
| 11765337168 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | 54 | |
| 11765337169 | Mullah Nasruddin | A mullah was a man of some learning, a cleric or leader of a village mosque. Long been an imaginary folk character within the world of Islam and amongst Sufis, gently expressing a skeptical attitude toward the rational mind, sanctimonious posturing, human vanity, and the ego. | 55 | |
| 11765337170 | Al-Ghazali | Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar, and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought. | 56 | |
| 11765337171 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 57 | |
| 11765337172 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and western Sudan. | 58 | |
| 11765337173 | Timbuktu | City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. | 59 | |
| 11765337174 | Al-Andalus | A Muslim-ruled region in what is now Spain, established by the Berbers in the eighth century A.D. | 60 | |
| 11765337175 | Mansa Musa | Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East. | 61 | |
| 11765337176 | Madrassas | Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century | 62 | |
| 11765337177 | House of Widsom | a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s | 63 | |
| 11765337178 | Ibn Sina | The famous Islamic scientist and philosopher who organized the medical knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into the Canon of Medicine | 64 |
