life is a constant struggle
Terms : Hide Images
| 10315557931 | Islam | "to submit", teaches submission to the word of God (Allah) | 0 | |
| 10315557932 | Muslim | "those who submit", a follower of Islam | 1 | |
| 10315558609 | Quran | "recitations", the uncorrupted word of god | 2 | |
| 10315558610 | Muhammad | the last of the prophets of god, not to be worshipped | 3 | |
| 10315559963 | Hadith | the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval, of Muhammad. | 4 | |
| 10315559964 | Umma | community of believers of Islam | 5 | |
| 10315563013 | Mecca | a center of pilgrimage and trade, holds the Ka'aba and sacred tokens of surrounding tribes | 6 | |
| 10315563772 | Ka'aba | cubical black stone structure | 7 | |
| 10315565104 | Shahada | declaring belief in the oneness of God and the acceptance of Muhammad as God's prophet | 8 | |
| 10315565105 | Alms | money or food given to poor people | 9 | |
| 10315565106 | Ramadan | ninth month of the lunar year in which Muslims fast | 10 | |
| 10315566369 | Eid al-Fitr | Mark's the end of ramadan | 11 | |
| 10315566370 | Hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the five pillars | 12 | |
| 10315567442 | Jihad | call to physical warfare to preserve the abode of Islam | 13 | |
| 10315568615 | Dar al-Islam | "the abode of Islam", the lands under Muslim rule or in which Islam could be practiced freely | 14 | |
| 10315569838 | Shari'a | law that safeguarded rights of both partners in the marriage. (347 first column) | 15 | |
| 10315570660 | Hijra | the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina, the start of the Muslim Calendar (year 622 on Chr. calendar) | 16 | |
| 10315570661 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern Roman Empire, resisted Arab conquest, | 17 | |
| 10315572182 | Sassanid Empire | collapsed almost immediately under Arab conquest | 18 | |
| 10315573226 | Ibn Battuta | a famous North African Berber traveler, learned concepts of gender relations in Arab heartland of Islam. (347, second column) | 19 | |
| 10315573227 | Qadi | a judge who would bring the combined wisdom or the scriptural knowledge, local custom, and his own judgement to make an adjudication | 20 | |
| 10315573228 | Abu Bakr | Muhammad's closest companion and adviser, who succeeded to the Prophet's political and administrative functions, 2nd caliph | 21 | |
| 10315576698 | Caliph | successor to the prophet and head of the Muslim community | 22 | |
| 10315584602 | Battle of the Ain Jalut | Battle in 1260, the Mamluks of Egypt over the invading Mongols, halted the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire. | 23 | |
| 10315584603 | Timur the Lame | led Turkish invaders to sack or capture Delhi, Aleppo, Damascus, Ankara, and Bukhara; descendants patronized Islamic scholarships and encouraged Turkish to become the third language of Islam (1336-1405) | 24 | |
| 10315584604 | Ulama | people with Islamic knowledge of tradition, history, and law | 25 | |
| 10315584614 | Sufis | a member of one of the orders practicing mystical forms of worship that first arose in the 8-9th centuries c.e. | 26 | |
| 10315586165 | Sultanate of Delhi | 5 dynasties in India (1211-1526) | 27 | |
| 10315586166 | Mughal Empire | a period of Muslim rule of India from the 1500s to the 1700s | 28 | |
| 10315586167 | Ghana | Founded in about 300 CE, it was the largest of the Sub-Saharan kingdoms, controlled desert trade routes and taxes imposed | 29 | |
| 10315588390 | Almoravids | a member of a federation of Muslim Berber peoples that established an empire in Morocco, Algeria, and Spain in the 11th century. | 30 | |
| 10315588391 | Mali | Trading city that was destroyed by the Songhay people and the connection to the Islamic world was destroyed | 31 | |
| 10315589136 | Mansa Musa | a king of Mali in the 1300s, made the hajj to Mecca in 1324, orthodox muslim, sought respect through Islam, | 32 | |
| 10315589137 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning | 33 | |
| 10315589138 | Songhay | successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao | 34 | |
| 10315590368 | Ethiopia | East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. | 35 | |
| 10315590369 | Kilwa | one of many trading cities on the East African coast | 36 | |
| 10315590370 | Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. | 37 | |
| 10315591341 | Jalal al-Din Rumi | Sufi poet, wrote "Universal History" | 38 | |
| 10315591342 | Ibn Khaldun | the first to apply social science theory to the understanding of history | 39 | |
| 10315592559 | Cordoba | Prosperous and sophisticated metropolis. Capital of Muslim Spain, spanning modern Spain and Portugal. | 40 | |
| 10315592560 | Ibn Sina | wrote Qanum fi'l-tibb (Canon of Medicine) | 41 | |
| 10315595069 | Qanun fi'l-tibb | the canon of medicine; pharmacology of herbs, working of organs, fever, surgery | 42 | |
| 10315595070 | Minaret | A distinctive feature of mosque architecture, a tower from which the faithful are called to worship. | 43 | |
| 10315595071 | Muezzin | the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day | 44 | |
| 10315595909 | Ali | Muhammad's cousin & the second disciple, 4th caliph | 45 | |
| 10315595910 | Shi'a | "follower of Ali", argued the caliphs should be chosen from the family of the prophet | 46 | |
| 10315595911 | Umayyads | Family that came to power after the death of Ali; moved capital to Damascus. | 47 | |
| 10315596423 | Sunnis | believed the umma should choose the next caliph, represent around 80% of all Muslims | 48 | |
| 10315596424 | Damascus | capital of the Umayyad empire | 49 | |
| 10315596425 | Husayn | Ali's son; killed in battle at Karbala in modern Iraq | 50 | |
| 10315596870 | Battle of Karbala | Brief battle where the Shiites were slaughtered by the Umayyads in 680 | 51 | |
| 10315596871 | Imam | religious leader who is a rightful caliph | 52 | |
| 10315596872 | Twelvers | Shi'as who look forward to the reappearance of the madhi to bring forth a new age for Islam, truth, & justice. | 53 | |
| 10315597421 | Madhi | the twelfth imam who went missing, "rightly guided one", a messiah | 54 | |
| 10315597422 | Ismailis | branch of Shi'a, live mostly in Pakistan and India, disagree on the seventh imam | 55 | |
| 10315598617 | Dome of the Rock | mosque in Jerusalem, briefly taken over by Christians, fought about during Crusades because of location in Jerusalem | 56 | |
| 10315598618 | Al-Aqsa Mosque | Third holiest muslim site, most important mosque in Jerusalem, built by Umayyad. | 57 | |
| 10315599446 | Charles Martel | Illegitimate son of Pippin, stole the throne, king of the franks, stopped the Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours. | 58 | |
| 10315599447 | Battle of Tours | battle where Charles Martel stopped the Muslim invasion of France | 59 | |
| 10315600754 | Battle of the Talas River | Battle in 751, between the Tang and the Abbasid Arabs. After the Karlucks, originally allied to the Tang, switched sides, the Tang lost, ending their expansion. | 60 | |
| 10315600755 | Abbasids | a member of the Abbasid dynasty | 61 | |
| 10315601669 | Baghdad | capital and largest city of Iraq; located on the Tigris River, capital of the Abbasid empire | 62 | |
| 10315601670 | Fatimids | dynasty that arose in Egypt after Abbasid dynasty; focus of trade shifted to Cairo, Egypt | 63 | |
| 10315601671 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and took command of the empire in 1055 | 64 | |
| 10315602486 | Battle of Manzikert | Battle in 1071 where the Byzantines were defeated by the Seljuq Turks. The Turks then conquested most of Anatolia. | 65 | |
| 10315602487 | Sultan | Seljuk Turks called themselves this after taking over the Abbasid | 66 | |
| 10315607265 | Chinngis Khan | "Universal Ruler", prev. Temujin, made an alliance w/ Turks and built empire | 67 | |
| 10315610174 | Istanbul | capital of Turkey | 68 | |
| 10315610175 | Taj Mahal | a tomb in India built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife | 69 | |
| 10315610769 | Bazaar | A market in a middle eastern country. | 70 | |
| 10315611216 | Dhimmi | non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection | 71 | |
| 10315611217 | Crusades | A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia | 72 | |
| 10315612383 | Alexius I | Byztantine emperor who founded the Comnenian dynasty, involved in the Crusades (asked Pope Umar II to help fight the Muslims) | 73 | |
| 10315612384 | Urban II | The pope that issued the crusades in 1095 CE | 74 | |
| 10315612385 | Salah al-Din | a Muslim leader who recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, leading to the Third Crusade | 75 | |
| 10315613429 | Reconquista | The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492. | 76 | |
| 10315613430 | Moses Maimonides | Spanish philosopher who wrote the Mishnah Torah | 77 | |
| 10315613951 | Alhambra | a palace and fortress built in Granada by the Muslims in the Middle Ages | 78 | |
| 10315613952 | Spanish Inquisition | A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom. | 79 | |
| 10315613953 | Marranos | Jews who converted to Catholicism after the Reconquista to avoid being exiled. | 80 | |
| 10315614469 | Moriscos | Muslims who converted to Catholicism after the conquest of Granada to avoid being exiled | 81 | |
| 10315617353 | Tomas de Torquemada | Grand Inquisitor to oversee Spanish Inquisitions | 82 | |
| 10315617688 | Apostasy | the abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief. | 83 | |
| 10315617689 | Heresy | any belief that is strongly opposed to established belief or practice. | 84 | |
| 10315617690 | Blasphemy | Disrespecting god or other religious things. | 85 | |
| 10315618126 | Usury | the practice of lending money at exorbitant rates | 86 | |
| 10315618893 | Ferdinand | the Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia | 87 | |
| 10315618894 | Isabella | Spanish queen who funded Columbus's expedition to America | 88 | |
| 10377791551 | Universal History | a book about how history is cyclic, | 89 |
