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| 10518305395 | Agricultural Revolutions | The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. | 0 | |
| 10518305396 | Bantu | Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. | 1 | |
| 10518306750 | Buddhism | A belief systemof eastern and central Asia that believes suffering is inherent in life and that one can be liberated from it by mental and moral self purification. | 2 | |
| 10518306751 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. | 3 | |
| 10518308384 | Chavin | The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital, Chavín de Huántar, was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. | 4 | |
| 10518309214 | Christianity | The Religion derived from Jesus Christ, based on the Bible as a sacred scripture, and professed by Eastern, Roman Catholic, and Protestant bodies. | 5 | |
| 10518309215 | City-State | A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. | 6 | |
| 10518312664 | Confucianism | System of ethics, education, and statesmanship, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 7 | |
| 10518313851 | Cuneiform | A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. | 8 | |
| 10518313852 | Daoism | Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi (604-531 B.C.E.). Offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. | 9 | |
| 10518320578 | Diaspora | Greek word meaning "dispersal, used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found throughout the world. | 10 | |
| 10518321572 | Foragers | People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects. | 11 | |
| 10518322980 | Hieroglyphics | A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. It was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. Because of the long period of study required to master this system, literacy in hieroglyphics was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators. | 12 | |
| 10518323740 | Israel | The land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. | 13 | |
| 10518325185 | Linear B | A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. | 14 | |
| 10518327362 | Legalism | Chinese political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime and its profligate expenditure of subjects' lives and labor. | 15 | |
| 10518328996 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects. | 16 | |
| 10518329827 | Mesoamerica | The area extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua in which diverse pro-Columbian civilizations flourished. | 17 | |
| 10518331999 | Mesopotamia | An acienct region in West Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. | 18 | |
| 10518332000 | Minoans | Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. Engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. | 19 | |
| 10518333987 | Monotheism | Belief in the existence of a single divine entity. | 20 | |
| 10518335945 | Mycenae | Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. | 21 | |
| 10518337283 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. | 22 | |
| 10518337284 | Neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). | 23 | |
| 10518338132 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E. | 24 | |
| 10518338133 | Papyrus | A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. | 25 | |
| 10518340217 | Pastoralists | The herder of animals | 26 | |
| 10518344643 | Pharaoh | The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt. | 27 | |
| 10518346732 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. | 28 | |
| 10518348602 | Polytheism | The belief in multiple gods. | 29 | |
| 10518349830 | Darius I | Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). | 30 | |
| 10518350973 | Zoroastrianism | A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity who engaged in a twelve-thousand-year struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. | 31 | |
| 10518350974 | Hopolite | A heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. | 32 | |
| 10518352470 | Democracy | A system of government in which all "citizens (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. | 33 | |
| 10518352471 | Herodotus | He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. He traced the antecedents of and chronicled the Persian Wars between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, thus originating the Western tradition of historical writing. | 34 | |
| 10518355620 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon (490 B.C.E.) and the defeat of Xerxes' massive invasion of Greece by the Spartan-led Hellenic League (480-479 B.C.E.). | 35 | |
| 10518355621 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. | 36 | |
| 10518362008 | Hellenistic Age | Historians' term for the era, usually dated 323-30 B.C.E., in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. | 37 | |
| 10518363166 | Alexandria | City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. | 38 | |
| 10518363469 | Alexander | King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. | 39 |
