Terms : Hide Images
| 4200732932 | abacus | a device for making arithmetic calculations, consisting of a frame set with rods on which balls or beads are moved. | 0 | |
| 4200746834 | absolute monarchy | a monarchy that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution. | 1 | |
| 4319862234 | Afrikaners | an Afrikaners speaking native of South Africa of European especially Dutch descent | 2 | |
| 4319897388 | Age grade | social organization based on age | 3 | |
| 4319903732 | Agricultural Revolution | transition occurs when there are discoveries, inventions, or new technology | 4 | |
| 4319908143 | Allah | (Islam) the supreme being; God | 5 | |
| 4319914478 | Alliance for Progress | a program of foreign aid by President Kennedy to help Latin America | 6 | |
| 4319946810 | Allied Powers | allies included Britain, France, Italy, Russia ,etc | 7 | |
| 4319954467 | al-Qaeda | a radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the 1990's to engage in terrorist actitvites | 8 | |
| 4319967748 | Animism | the attribution of soul to plants, inandimate objects and natural phenomena | 9 | |
| 4319979722 | apartheid | a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on groups of race | 10 | |
| 4324363943 | appeasement | the action or process of appeasing | 11 | |
| 4324385775 | aristocracy | the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices | 12 | |
| 4324404329 | Artifact | an object made by a human being typically an item of cultural or historical interest | 13 | |
| 4324414462 | Artisan | a worker in a skilled trade | 14 | |
| 4324416227 | Astrolabe | ancient astronomical computer for... | 15 | |
| 4324429108 | Austronesian | of, relating to, or denoting a family of languages spoken in an area extending from Madagascar in the west to the Pacific islands in the east | 16 | |
| 4324442956 | Ayatollah | a shiite religious leader in Iran | 17 | |
| 4324451041 | Ayllus | the traditional form of a community in the Andes, especially amoung Quechuas and Aymarares. they are an indigenous local government | 18 | |
| 4324463624 | Bakufu | system of government of a feudal military dictatorship | 19 | |
| 4324477581 | Bantu | speaking peoples: a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages | 20 | |
| 4324487016 | Battle of Tours | battle on October 10, 732 near city of Tour in France | 21 | |
| 4324496174 | benefice | a permanent Church appointment, typically that of a rector or victor, for which property and income and provided in respect of pastoral duties | 22 | |
| 4324522356 | Berlin Conference | regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power | 23 | |
| 4324543634 | Black Death | epidemic outbreak of bubonic plague in Europe around 1348 that killed more than half of the population | 24 | |
| 4324575582 | Bodhisttvas | (in Mahayana Buddhism) a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings. | 25 | |
| 4324584506 | Boer War | a war in which Great Britain fought against the Transvaal and Orange Free State, 1899-1902. 2. a war between Great Britain and the Transvaal, 1880-81. Examples from the Web for Boer War Expand. | 26 | |
| 4324584557 | Boer | a member of the Dutch and Huguenot population that settled in southern Africa in the late 17th century. | 27 | |
| 4324588681 | Bourgeoisie | the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes. (in Marxist contexts) the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production. | 28 | |
| 4324597999 | boxer rebellion | In 1900, in what became known as the Boxer Rebellion (or the Boxer Uprising), a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. | 29 | |
| 4324606792 | boyars | a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince. | 30 | |
| 4324609875 | Brahmin | a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. | 31 | |
| 4324635302 | brinkmanship | the art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping, typically in politics. | 32 | |
| 4324637572 | British commonwealth | The Commonwealth of Nations—formerly the British Commonwealth—is a voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, most of which were once part of the British Empire. The Commonwealth's membership includes both republics and monarchies. | 33 | |
| 4324650903 | bushi | Sōran Bushi, one of the most famous traditional songs (min'yō) in Japan. It is a Japanese sea shanty that is said to have been first sung by the fishermen of Hokkaidō, northern Japan. Tankō Bushi, a Japanese folk song. | 34 | |
| 4324659892 | bushido | the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. | 35 | |
| 4324663139 | caliph | the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk. | 36 | |
| 4324671824 | calpulli | In precolumbian Aztec society, a calpulli (from Classical Nahuatl calpōlli, Nahuatl pronunciation: [kaɬˈpoːlːi], meaning "large house") was the designation of an organizational unit below the level of the Altepetl "citystate". | 37 | |
| 4324680466 | capital | the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center. | 38 | |
| 4324702260 | capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 39 | |
| 4324752703 | caravel | a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries. | 40 | |
| 4324755795 | cartels | an association of manufacturers or suppliers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. | 41 | |
| 4324768088 | Catholic Reformation and Counter Reformation | The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic resurgence beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. | 42 | |
| 4324779471 | Central powers | Central Powers definition. Germany and its allies (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) in World War I. The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. | 43 | |
| 4324830262 | chinampas | Chinampa (Nahuatl: chināmitl [tʃiˈnaːmitɬ]) is a type of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico. | 44 | |
| 4324830263 | chivalry | the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code | 45 | |
| 4329242927 | civilization | a complex culture in which large numbers of humans share a variety of common elements, including religious, political, military, and social structure. | 46 | |
| 4329254784 | climate | the prevailing trend of public opinion or of another aspect of public life | 47 | |
| 4329319351 | colitian | an alliance for combined action, especially a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government or of states. | 48 | |
| 4329322895 | Code Napoleon | the code forbade privilegers based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified. | 49 | |
| 4329322896 | Cold War | the ideological conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States between the end of the World War II and the early 1990s | 50 | |
| 4329344352 | collectivization | organize on the basis of ownership by the people or state, abolishing private ownership involvement. | 51 | |
| 4337363161 | commercial revolution | time of European expansion in economic that lasted from the 13 century till the 18 century | 52 | |
| 4337386667 | communism | a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war ad leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is aid based on their skill level. | 53 | |
| 4337434155 | conscription | compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces. | 54 | |
| 4337560360 | conservatism | is any political philosophy that favors in the face of external forces for change including radical change. | 55 | |
| 4337594434 | containment | the action or policy of preventing the expansion of a country or influence | 56 | |
| 4337645517 | cossack | a member of a people of Southern Russia and Ukraine, noted for their horsemanship and military skills | 57 | |
| 4337651482 | covenant | an agreement | 58 | |
| 4337653035 | criollos | a person of pure Spanish descent | 59 | |
| 4347968088 | cubism | an early 20th century style and movement in art, especially painting (using geometric shapes, collage, etc) | 60 | |
| 4347973658 | cultural diffusion | spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another | 61 | |
| 4347979964 | cultural revolution | a chaotic mass movement in the People's Republic of China | 62 | |
| 4347983325 | cuneiform | denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia | 63 | |
| 4348231565 | daimyo | (in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun. | 64 | |
| 4348278780 | Dar al-Islam | Dar al Islam (Arabic: دار الإسلا) is the area of the world under the rule of Islam , literally, "the home of Islam" or "the home of submission." This is often used by extremists to include areas that used to be part of the Muslim world such as Al-Andalus (Spain) as well as the Muslim world. | 65 | |
| 4348282599 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | The Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights. | 66 | |
| 4348314186 | Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen | was written in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man | 67 | |
| 4348323876 | deism | belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind. | 68 | |
| 4348331220 | democracy | a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. | 69 | |
| 4348334488 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. | 70 | |
| 4348345030 | devshirme | Devshirme was a system that took place under the Ottoman Empire. The system of devshirme was introduced under Sultan Murad 2 in the 1420's. The sultan would collect Christian boys from the Balkans and turn them into his slaves. | 71 | |
| 4348353992 | diaspora | Jews living outside Israel. | 72 | |
| 4348366092 | divine right | The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. This belief was common through the seventeenth century and was urged by such kings as Louis xiv of France. | 73 | |
| 4348370042 | domestic system | a system of manufacturing based upon work done at home on materials supplied by merchant employers —contrasted with factory system — compare cottage industry. | 74 | |
| 4348373133 | duma | a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former Soviet Union. | 75 | |
| 4348379032 | Dutch Language | of or relating to the Germanic peoples of Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Low Countries | 76 | |
| 4348393493 | dynasty | a line of hereditary rulers of a country. | 77 | |
| 4348431198 | economic imperialism | a line of hereditary rulers of a country. | 78 | |
| 4348433664 | edict of Milan | The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in 313, shortly after the end of the persecution of Christians by the emperor Diocletian. | 79 | |
| 4348437312 | empirical research | Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. | 80 | |
| 4348440788 | enclosure movement | In the early 1700s, there was an "enclosure movement" that was a cause of the industrial revolution in England. The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. | 81 | |
| 4348449020 | encomienda | a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area. | 82 | |
| 4348457563 | enlightenment | the action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened. | 83 | |
| 4348462218 | entrepreneurship | originates from the French word, entreprendre, which means "to undertake." In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. | 84 | |
| 4348465176 | estates | an area or amount of land or property, in particular. | 85 | |
| 4348470204 | estates- general | the bicameral legislative body in the Netherlands. | 86 | |
| 4348472294 | euro | the single European currency, which replaced the national currencies of France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Luxembourg, Austria, Finland, the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 2002. Seventeen member states of the European Union now use the euro. | 87 | |
| 4348478609 | European Union | A political union, often called the EU, to which the member states of the EEC are evolving. Based on the Maastrict Treaty, it envisions the eventual establishment of common economic, foreign, security, and justice policies. | 88 | |
| 4348482614 | evangelical | of or according to the teaching of the gospel or the Christian religion | 89 | |
| 4348488483 | excommunication | officially exclude (someone) from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church. | 90 | |
| 4348493693 | extraterritoriality | the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. | 91 | |
| 4348498707 | factor | a circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result or outcome. | 92 | |
| 4348502104 | fascism | an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. | 93 | |
| 4348506662 | feminism | the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. | 94 | |
| 4348509474 | feudalism | the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. | 95 | |
| 4348515376 | fief | an estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service | 96 | |
| 4348519867 | filial piety | a virtue of respect for one's father, elders, and ancestors. The Confucian classic Xiao Jing or Classic of Xiào, thought to be written around the Qin-Han period, has historically been the authoritative source on the Confucian tenet of xiào / "filial piety". | 97 | |
| 4348523374 | five pillars | the five bases of the Islamic faith: shahada (confession of faith), salat (prayer), zakat (almsgiving), sawm (fasting, especially during the month of Ramadan), and hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca). Expand. Also called Pillars of the Faith. Compare din2, ibada. Contemporary definitions for Pillars of Islam Expand. | 98 | |
| 4348527461 | five year plans | (especially in the former Soviet Union) a government plan for economic development over five years. The first such plan in the Soviet Union was inaugurated in 1928. | 99 | |
| 4348547800 | foot binding | was the custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young girls to prevent further growth. | 100 | |
| 4348556508 | foraging | (of a person or animal) search widely for food or provisions. | 101 | |
| 4348561366 | fundamentalism | a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture. | 102 | |
| 4348564947 | Geneva Conference | one of a series of agreements concerning the treatment of prisoners of war and of the sick, wounded, and dead in battle first made at Geneva, Switzerland in 1864 and subsequently accepted in later revisions by most nations. | 103 | |
| 4348570907 | genocide | the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. | 104 | |
| 4348592033 | geocentric theory | A Geocentric theory is an astronomical theory which describes the universe as a Geocentric system, i.e., a system which puts the Earth in the center of the universe, and describes other objects from the point of view of the Earth | 105 | |
| 4348595293 | glasnost | (in the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985. | 106 | |
| 4348602863 | glorious revolution | The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). | 107 | |
| 4348608350 | gold standard | the system by which the value of a currency was defined in terms of gold, for which the currency could be exchanged. The gold standard was generally abandoned in the Depression of the 1930s. | 108 | |
| 4348612165 | gothic architecture | Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. | 109 | |
| 4348617560 | gran Colombia | is a name used today for the state that encompassed much of northern South America and part of southern Central America from 1819 to 1831 | 110 | |
| 4348619069 | great depression | a long and severe recession in an economy or market. | 111 | |
| 4348623066 | great leap forward | The Great Leap Forward was an effort made by the Communist Party of China (CPC) under the leadership of Mao Zedong (also known as Mao Tse-tung) to transform China into a society capable of competing with other industrialized nations, within a short, five-year time period. | 112 | |
| 4348630066 | green revolution | a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. | 113 | |
| 4348634235 | griots | a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa. | 114 | |
| 4348636681 | guano | the excrement of seabirds and bats, used as fertilizer. | 115 | |
| 4348639860 | guest workers | a person with temporary permission to work in another country, especially in Germany. | 116 | |
| 4348689283 | guomindang | the political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan. | 117 | |
| 4348691548 | Hadith | a collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad that, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna), constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Koran. | 118 | |
| 4348695508 | Hajj | the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime. | 119 | |
| 4348697539 | Harem | (in former times) the separate part of a Muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants. | 120 | |
| 4348702490 | heliocentric theory | The theory that the earth revolves around the sun is called the heliocentric theory, helio meaning 'sun' and centric meaning 'in the center.' This theory was developed in parts by different astronomers over many years, namely Aristarchus, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. | 121 | |
| 4348707695 | Hellenistic Age | a period in history defined as the time between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Roman domination. During this time, Greek culture was dominant throughout the Mediterranean, thus the name Hellenistic, which is derived from the Greek "Hellas" which means Greece. | 122 | |
| 4348713889 | Helsinki Accords | were primarily an effort to reduce tension between the Soviet and Western blocs by securing their common acceptance of the post-World War II status quo in Europe | 123 | |
| 4348717798 | hieroglyphics | writing consisting of hieroglyphs. | 124 | |
| 4348722955 | Hijrah | also romanized as Hijra and Hejira, is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib, later renamed by him to Medina, in 622 CE | 125 | |
| 4348725666 | Holocaust | destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, especially caused by fire or nuclear war | 126 | |
| 4348729927 | imperialism | a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. | 127 | |
| 4348735014 | import substitution industrialization | is a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. ISI is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. | 128 | |
| 4348736721 | Inca | a South American hummingbird having mainly blackish or bronze-colored plumage with one or two white breast patches. | 129 | |
| 4348743019 | indentured servitude | A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country. During the seventeenth century most of the white laborers in Maryland and Virginia came from England as indentured servants. | 130 | |
| 4348748138 | Indian National Congress | was considered to be the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement. | 131 | |
| 4348754229 | Indo-European | a large, widespread family of languages, the surviving branches of which include Italic, Slavic, Baltic, Hellenic, Celtic, Germanic, and Indo-Iranian, spoken by about half the world's population: English, Spanish, German, Latin, Greek, Russian, Albanian, Lithuanian, Armenian, Persian, Hindi, and Hittite are all Indo | 132 | |
| 4348760075 | Indulgence | the action or fact of indulging. | 133 | |
| 4348766329 | Industrial Revolution | The industrial revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution, beginning in Great Britain, quickly spread throughout the world. | 134 | |
| 4348771004 | International Monetary Fund | is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty | 135 | |
| 4348778715 | International Space Station | The International Space Station is a large spacecraft. It orbits around Earth. It is a home where astronauts live. The space station is also a science lab. | 136 | |
| 4348788013 | Investiture | the action of formally investing a person with honors or rank. | 137 | |
| 4348792260 | Jacobins | a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793-4. | 138 | |
| 4348795761 | Janissanies | a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries | 139 | |
| 4348800758 | Jati | a Hindu caste or distinctive social group of which there are thousands throughout India; a special characteristic is often the exclusive occupation of its male members (such as barber or potter) | 140 | |
| 4348803839 | Jesuits | a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education. | 141 | |
| 4348807952 | Jihad | (among Muslims) a war or struggle against unbelievers. | 142 | |
| 4348812676 | junks | discard or abandon unceremoniously. | 143 | |
| 4348816663 | Ka'aba | a small stone building in the court of the Great Mosque at Mecca that contains a sacred black stone and is the goal of Islamic pilgrimage and the point toward which Muslims turn in praying. | 144 | |
| 4348824817 | Kabuki theater | A Japanese word meaning singing dancing art, used to mean a type of traditional Japanese drama. 2. Highly stylized traditional Japanese theater with music and dance. | 145 | |
| 4348827896 | Kamikaze | (in World War II) a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target. | 146 | |
| 4348831854 | Karma | (in Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. | 147 | |
| 4348833959 | Khan | a title given to rulers and officials in central Asia, Afghanistan, and certain other Muslim countries. | 148 | |
| 4348837495 | Kowtow | act in an excessively subservient manner. | 149 | |
| 4348841122 | Kulaks | a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century, the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed. | 150 | |
| 4348875924 | Laissez-faire economics | It describes a system or point of view that opposes regulation or interference by the government in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary to allow the free enterprise system to operate according to its own laws. | 151 | |
| 4348880505 | lateen sail | a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast. | 152 | |
| 4348883878 | Latifundia | a large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome or more recently in Spain or Latin America, typically worked by slaves. | 153 | |
| 4348889356 | League of Nations | An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. The League, the forerunner of the United Nations, brought about much international cooperation on health, labor problems, refugee affairs, and the like. | 154 | |
| 4348892084 | Liberalism | In the twentieth century, a viewpoint or ideology associated with free political institutions and religious toleration, as well as support for a strong role of government in regulating capitalism and constructing the welfare state. | 155 | |
| 4348897439 | Liberation Theology | a movement in Christian theology, developed mainly by Latin American Roman Catholics, that emphasizes liberation from social, political, and economic oppression as an anticipation of ultimate salvation. | 156 | |
| 4348906219 | LLC | A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that combines the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation. | 157 | |
| 4348911221 | Magna Carter | : a charter of liberties to which the English barons forced King John to give his assent in June 1215 at Runnymede. 2 : a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges. | 158 | |
| 4348915443 | Malay Sailors | The Malay sailors were southeast Asian seafarers who sailed the South China Sea around the Malay archipelago. Many of the sailors converted to Islam in the fifteenth century. | 159 | |
| 4348921436 | Mamluks | meaning "property" or "owned slave" is an Arabic designation for slaves. | 160 | |
| 4348926679 | Manchus | a member of a people originally living in Manchuria who formed the last imperial dynasty of China (1644-1912). | 161 | |
| 4348943923 | mandate | an official order or commission to do something. | 162 | |
| 4348951169 | mandate of heaven | is an ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly | 163 | |
| 4348955352 | manorialism | The definition of manorialism is the system by which the Lord of the Manor exploited the serfs or tenants who worked his estate, or Fief. Manorialism extended the concept of the feudal fief, or fiefdom, as a principal land owner, or lord of a Manor. | 164 | |
| 4348956900 | maori | a member of the aboriginal people of New Zealand. | 165 | |
| 4348961259 | maroon societies | Maroon Societies is a systematic study of the communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States. | 166 | |
| 4348965513 | Marshall Plan | A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II. It was proposed by the United States secretary of state, General George C. Marshall. | 167 | |
| 4348970688 | mass consumerism | Consumerism as a social and economic order and ideology encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. Early criticisms of consumerism occur in 1899 in the works of Thorstein Veblen. | 168 | |
| 4348974224 | reign of terror | a period of remorseless repression or bloodshed, in particular Reign of Terror, the period of the Terror during the French Revolution. | 169 | |
| 4348978637 | reincarnation | the rebirth of a soul in a new body. | 170 | |
| 4348986683 | renaissance | The cultural rebirth that occurred in Europe from roughly the fourteenth through the middle of the seventeenth centuries, based on the rediscovery of the literature of Greece and Rome. | 171 | |
| 4348988962 | reparations | the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. | 172 | |
| 4348993258 | repartamiento | was a colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines. | 173 | |
| 4348998433 | revolutions of 1905 | Russian Revolution of 1905, uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. | 174 | |
| 4349009602 | revolution of 1848 | Revolutions of 1848 definition. Liberal and nationalist ( see nationalism ) rebellions that broke out in 1848 in several European nations, including Germany, Austria, France, Italy, and Belgium. | 175 | |
| 4349011679 | romanticism | a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. | 176 | |
| 4349014190 | russification | Russification is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one. | 177 | |
| 4349020019 | Russo-Japanese War | A war fought in 1904-1905 between Russia and Japan over rival territorial claims. In winning the war, Japan emerged as a world power. Note: President Theodore Roosevelt of the United States was largely responsible for bringing the two sides together and working out a treaty. | 178 | |
| 4349062833 | samurai | a member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos. | 179 | |
| 4349067242 | sandinistas | a member of a left-wing Nicaraguan political organization, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which came to power in 1979 after overthrowing the dictator Anastasio Somoza. Opposed during most of their period of rule by the US-backed Contras, the Sandinistas were voted out of office in 1990. | 180 | |
| 4349070250 | sati | the former Hindu practice of a widow throwing herself onto her husband's funeral pyre. | 181 | |
| 4349073636 | scholar-gentry | were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. | 182 | |
| 4349077675 | scientific revolution | The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. | 183 | |
| 4349082218 | second industrial revolution | The Second Industrial Revolution was another great leap forward in technology and society. New innovations in steel production, petroleum and electricity led to the introduction of public automobiles and airplanes. In this lesson, learn about the key inventions that spurred this revolution. | 184 | |
| 4349086350 | separation of powers | an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies. | 185 | |
| 4349093947 | sepoy rebellion | a revolt of the sepoy troops in British India (1857-59), resulting in the transfer of the administration of India from the East India Company to the crown. Expand. Also called Sepoy Mutiny, Indian Mutiny. | 186 | |
| 4349104870 | sepoy | an Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders. | 187 | |
| 4349107589 | serf | an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate. | 188 | |
| 4349110856 | service industries | a business that does work for a customer, and occasionally provides goods, but is not involved in manufacturing. | 189 | |
| 4349116545 | seven years war | Seven Years' War definition. A war fought in the middle of the eighteenth century between the German kingdom of Prussia, supported by Britain, and an alliance that included Austria, France, and Russia. Prussia and Britain won, and their victory greatly increased their power. | 190 | |
| 4349118234 | Shamanism | a religion practiced by indigenous peoples of far northern Europe and Siberia that is characterized by belief in an unseen world of gods, demons, and ancestral spirits responsive only to the shamans; also : any similar religion. | 191 | |
| 4349119651 | shariah | Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking. It has generally been supplemented by legislation adapted to the conditions of the day, though the manner in which it should be applied in modern states is a subject of dispute between Islamic fundamentalists and modernists. | 192 | |
| 4349128059 | shi'ite | an adherent of the Shia branch of Islam. | 193 | |
| 4349130813 | shinto | a Japanese religion dating from the early 8th century and incorporating the worship of ancestors and nature spirits and a belief in sacred power ( kami ) in both animate and inanimate things. It was the state religion of Japan until 1945. | 194 | |
| 4349206786 | shogun | a hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867. | 195 | |
| 4349210201 | shogunate | "general", literally "military commander") was a hereditary military dictator in Japan during the period from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the shoguns were the de facto rulers of the country; although nominally they were appointed by the Emperor as a ceremonial formality. | 196 | |
| 4349212903 | silk road | The Silk Road or Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East from China to the Mediterranean Sea. | 197 | |
| 4349217135 | six day war | The Origins of the Six-Day War, which was fought between June 5 and June 10, 1967, by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known then as the United Arab Republic [UAR]), Jordan, and Syria, lay in both longer term and immediate issues. | 198 | |
| 4349226252 | slash and burn cultivation | Slash-and-burn is an agricultural technique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields. It is subsistence agriculture that typically uses little technology. It is typically key in shifting cultivation agriculture, and in transhumance livestock herding. | 199 | |
| 4349241968 | social contract | an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects. | 200 | |
| 4349246183 | social Darwinism | the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. | 201 | |
| 4349250540 | socialism | a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. | 202 | |
| 4349255206 | solidarity | unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; mutual support within a group. | 203 |
