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| 3188448569 | Nomad | Someone who belongs to a group of people who move from place to place seasonally in search of food and water. Nomads were hunters and gatherers and lived in tribes of 20-30 people during the Paleolithic era. | 0 | |
| 3188448570 | Foraging Societies | A society that relies on hunting and gathering for a source of food and other necessities. During the Paleolithic era, small groups of nomads relied on hunting and gathering, and was the dominant form of survival. | 1 | |
| 3188448571 | Pastoral Societies | A society that relies on the raising of livestock and animal husbandry for a source of food and other necessities that ultimately led to the development of advanced societies. This ultimately was the bridge between the Paleolithic era to the Neolithic era. | 2 | |
| 3188448572 | Cuneiform | One of the earliest forms of a writing system developed by the Mesopotamians during the fourth millennium B.C.E. that influenced the development of written language. | 3 | |
| 3188448573 | Polytheism | Believing in or practicing a religion affiliated with many gods. (Hinduism) | 4 | |
| 3188448574 | Monotheism | Believing in or practicing a religion affiliated with a single god. (Christianity) | 5 | |
| 3188448575 | Ziggurat | a rectangular shaped tower typical in Mesopotamian society. | 6 | |
| 3188448576 | Code of Hammurabi | Created by Hammurabi during his reign of the Mesopotamian Empire, the code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest set of universal rules and laws for society to create a sense of justice within civilization that influenced the development of society. It was created in the 18th century B.C.E. and can be paraphrased: "An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." | 7 | |
| 3188448577 | River Valley | An area of low land between hills or mountains with a river in it. | 8 | |
| 3188448578 | Hinduism | A widespread polytheistic belief system and philosophy that influenced early Indian societies politically, culturally, and historically traced back to the migration of the Aryans to India in 1500 B.C.E. and still is the dominant belief system of India in today's world. | 9 | |
| 3188448579 | The Vedas and Upanishads | The Vedas were four hymns written between 1500 B.C.E. and 1000 B.C.E. that are traced back to the Aryans, and are some of the oldest Hindu scripture and literature written in sanskrit. The Upanishads are the end section of the Vedas which summarize the basic philosophical principles of Hinduism and are considered the essence of the Vedas. The Vedas and Upanishads provided a basis of religious standards for the Hindu belief system and are considered the most sacred Hindu text. | 10 | |
| 3188448580 | Sanskrit | an ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived | 11 | |
| 3188448581 | Brahmans | Brahmans were the highest caste in the caste system. They were the priests. | 12 | |
| 3188448582 | Brahma, the ultimate reality | The early Hindus believed in an ultimate reality/force in the universe. Brahma was the ultimate reality/god. He was known to have three expressions who were Shiva the destroyer, Vishnu the preserver and Brahma the creator. | 13 | |
| 3188448583 | Bhagavad Gita | a portion of the Mahabharata, having the form of a dialogue between the hero Arjuna and his charioteer, the avatar Krishna, in which Krishna, said to be the reincarnation of Vishnu, persuades Arjuna to continue fighting against his family due to all of the things he could benefit from if he kept fighting. | 14 | |
| 3188448584 | Patriarchy | a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line | 15 | |
| 3188448585 | Caste System | The structure in some societies that is formed around different class systems that define those inside the caste system. The higher classes in the caste system included the brahmins and kshatriyas. These two groups were the priests and warriors. The lower classes were the vaishya and shudras who were merchants and serfs. | 16 | |
| 3188448586 | Zoroastrianism | a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster in the 6th century bc. | 17 | |
| 3188448587 | Buddhism | a widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Siddhartha Gautama in northeastern India in the 5th century bc | 18 | |
| 3188448588 | Siddhartha | The prince who later became Buddha after sitting under a tree for forty-nine days to learn and experience suffering. | 19 | |
| 3188448589 | Buddha | "The awakened one" Buddha is viewed as the leader of Buddhism and became the buddha after taking forty-nine days to truly understand suffering and find nirvana. | 20 | |
| 3188448590 | The Four Noble Truths | These are the core of Buddha's doctrine, the truth of suffering, the truth of the path of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering and the truth of the path to the end of suffering. | 21 | |
| 3188448591 | The Eightfold Path | right views, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. Must follow this path to achieve Nirvana. | 22 | |
| 3188448592 | Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism | The more conservative form of Buddhism, this was the original form created by Siddhartha Gautama in 528 BCE. you had to give up a lot of things and strictly follow the eightfold path and the rest of Buddha's teachings. This form of Buddhism was popular in Ceylon, Burma, and Thailand. | 23 | |
| 3188448593 | Mahayana Buddhism | This form of Buddhism was much easier to follow than Theravada, and began when Buddhist temples began accepting gifts from rich people. The rich people then could continue their chosen lifestyle and still attain Nirvana. This became very popular in much of Asia as it was easier to follow. | 24 | |
| 3188448594 | Migration | Migration is when a group of people or animals move from one region to another. | 25 | |
| 3188448595 | Rock and pillar Edicts | Created by Ashoka Maurya between 268 and 232 BCE during the Mauryan Empire. The Rock and Pillar Edicts were massive stone pillars erected around his empire. On them were inscribed all of his policies, his intentions, and promotions of Buddhism. | 26 | |
| 3188448596 | Arabic Numerals | The peace during the Gupta dynasty led to the development of higher mathematics. They made a symbol for 0, and eventually created a new number system that was more easily worked with than roman numerals. | 27 | |
| 3188448597 | Neolithic Revolution | Beginning about 10,000 BCE, this is when early humans began settling down in villages, domesticating animals, and growing and harvesting crops. | 28 | |
| 3188448598 | Bronze Age | Bronze was discovered in 4000 BCE by mesopotamian metalworkers who mixed copper and tin. This formed a harder, more durable metal that assisted in everyday life. Due its high cost, it was originally mainly used in the military, as they were the only ones who could afford it. | 29 | |
| 3188448599 | Metallurgy | Metallurgy was the art of working with metal. Starting in 6000 BCE with the early humans working copper, it gradually became better and better as humans found new metals to work with and more effective ways of shaping it. | 30 | |
| 3188448600 | Mesopotamia | Mesopotamia was the area of land around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers of modern day Iraq. Early people settled here around 6000 BCE and it soon became one of the biggest hubs for human life. | 31 | |
| 3188448601 | City State | First seen in Sumer around 3200 BCE, city-states were cities that extended their rule into surrounding land, forming an independent state. | 32 | |
| 3188448602 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | The epic of gilgamesh was a babylonian story from around 2000 BCE in which is explored the themes of god's relations with humans and the meaning of life and death. | 33 | |
| 3188448603 | Sumerian Civilization | developed irrigation systems around 5000 BCE, inhabited mesopotamia since around 6000 BCE, one of the world's first high populations in a concentrated area, Sumerians were responsible for building some of the world's first cities, from this City-States were born and the conquering of territory to form kingdoms and empires began, by 3000 BCE all Sumerian cities had rulers and kings who claimed authority of their realm, after 2350 BCE Mesopotamia was divided into many kingdoms and areas of rule | 34 | |
| 3188448604 | Tigris and Euphrates Rivers | these two rivers fueled the empires of Mesopotamia with its fertile lands amidst the barren deserts of the middle east, they also promoted trade and travel throughout the area, with these two water supplies irrigation systems took hold as a new technology in agriculture and further developed the cities found in their valleys | 35 | |
| 3188448605 | Babylon | founded by Hammurabi who reigned 1792 BCE - 1750 BCE, this empire dominated Mesopotamia until about 1600 BCE, Babylon and Hammurabi developed a more efficient government and spread taxes and money throughout the empire more evenly, Hammurabi created a code of law to uphold his empire and control his citizens, it was a strict code of laws that followed the idea of "an eye for an eye" in terms of punishment and severity of said punishment, lasted 1792 BCE - 1595 BCE | 36 | |
| 3188448606 | Hittites | a powerful and influential Indo-European group that migrated to the central plain of Anatolia, they arrived around the time of 1900 BCE and created a powerful kingdom by the sixteenth century BCE, this group perfected iron metallurgy as well as the idea of fast, lightweight war chariots for their archers to ride upon, lasted 1595 BCE - 1200 BCE | 37 | |
| 3188448607 | Assyrians | established in the nineteenth century BCE in the Tigris river valley, they had a strong military in which they promoted people based on skill and merit rather than the formerly used tactic of prominent, wealthy family members, by 1300 BCE they controlled much of southern Asia, by 612 BCE their empire fell due to internal unrest and external forces | 38 | |
| 3188448608 | Indus Valley | the surrounding valley of the Indus river which was a point of power for empires, it controlled the main trade routes from the Middle East to Asia and had fertile lands | 39 | |
| 3188448609 | Ganges River | a large river in India that attracted large societies due to its fertile lands and easy access to a main trade route in the area | 40 | |
| 3188448610 | Fertile Crescent | a crescent shaped stretch of land that ran through the middle east, it is the foundation of modern civilization and allowed for such growth due to its fertile lands allowing for good agriculture and the settling of early humans | 41 | |
| 3188448611 | Aryans | arrived in the south asian subcontinent around 1500 BCE, established the varnas which were the basis of the caste system used in Hinduism, brought much of the ideology that shaped the area | 42 | |
| 3188448612 | Mauryan Empire | extended from the Himalayas down through all of India (excluding the southern tip) and west to Bactria, founded by Chandragupta Maurya | 43 | |
| 3188448613 | Chandragupta Maurya | founder of the Mauryan Empire, reigned from 321 - 297 BCE, conquered the area of the previous Kingdom of Magadha and expanded greatly from there | 44 | |
| 3188448614 | Kautalya | Chandragupta Maurya's advisor, he was a careful and systematic advisor who developed many new ways to govern and fight for their empire, his teachings remained in a book, the Arthashastra, which was used by later rulers. | 45 | |
| 3188448615 | Ashoka Maurya | (268-232 B.C.E.) The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, and was in control during the climax of the Mauryan Empire. He conquered their final enemy, the kingdom of Kalinga, in 260 B.C.E. He was in control of almost all of the subcontinent except for the most southern region. He converted to and encouraged the Buddhist belief system and made clear he was a humane and just ruler. Created a central treasury for taxes and kept a bureaucratic government. He felt remorse after his bloody conquest of Kalinga and this lead to his kinder, just ways of ruling. | 46 | |
| 3188448616 | Chandra Gupta the Great | Took over from the Kushans around 320 C.E. and based his empire in Magadha, and laid the foundations for the Gupta Empire. | 47 | |
| 3188448617 | Gupta Empire | Rose based off of the foundations laid by Chandra Gupta (no relation to Chandragupta Maurya) in the Magadha region full of wealth and dominance in the Ganges River valley. The Gupta influence ranged throughout most of India leaving only the Deccan Plateau and the southern tip of India. The local government and administration was left to the leaders of the regions within the empire. | 48 | |
| 3188448618 | Phoenicians | A trading people located on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. | 49 | |
| 3188448619 | Hebrews- | People living in what is now Israel and Palestine who, after Exodus (1300 BCE), established the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Their scriptures and traditions were the base of Judaism. | 50 | |
| 3188448620 | Judaism- | The first major monotheistic religion to appear in the world. The belief was centered around God, a being who controlled everything in the universe and led his people, the Israelites, through disciples such as Moses or Abraham. | 51 | |
| 3188448621 | Torah - | The law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures. | 52 | |
| 3188448622 | Old Testament - | The first half of the Bible telling the many stories of different leaders and important influential characters of the Catholic religion. | 53 | |
| 3188448623 | Cyrus the Achaemenid | [558-530 B.C.E] Cyrus launched the Persian's imperial conquest. By 548 BCE he had conquered all of Iran. After conquering Babylonia in 539 BCE he had control over a large empire stretching from India to the borders of Egypt. His son expanded the empire into Egypt by 525 BCE, he reigned from 530-522 BCE. | 54 | |
| 3188448624 | Achaemenid Empire [558 | 330 B.C.E] Persia was a large overwhelming power of the times with large territories under many rulers, shaping the area into what it is today and the Achaemenid Empire was the first empire of Persia with impeccable rulers such as Cyrus and Darius. | 55 | |
| 3188448625 | Darius (521 | 486 B.C.E) A young kinsman of Cyrus, reigned next and was the best ruler of Achaemenid. He conquered large kingdoms such as Macedonia, Thrace, and Gandhara, his empire stretched from the Indus river to the Aegean Sea, and from Armenia to the Nile. He managed a population of 35 million including 70 ethnic groups, many languages, and many religious beliefs and traditions. | 56 | |
| 3188448626 | Centralized Government | A government in which everything is controlled from one specific place or city by a power or authority of that government. This was a beneficial way to govern thousands of years ago when empires stretched entire countries nowadays. Decentralized governments usually lead to rebellious subordinates, and sometimes subsequently the fall of an empire. | 57 | |
| 3380671281 | Constantine | the first emperor to convert to Christianity. not baptized until the end of his life. 312-Constantine's conversation/converted and in 313-Constantine issued the Edict of Milan proclaiming the official tolerance of Christianity in the empire ad proclaimed tolerance of Christianity. 325-Constantine convenes the Council of Nicaea to organize and unify Christianity. 333-Constantine orders the construction of churches and the church of Holy Sepulchre is completed. | 58 |
