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| 5901720997 | Nomad | A person who lives a way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. | 0 | |
| 5901737918 | Foraging societies | This was made up of people who had no consistently controlled source of food. They hunted and gathered. | 1 | |
| 5901753085 | Pastoral societies | A nomadic group of people who travel with a herd of domesticated animals, which they rely on for food. | 2 | |
| 5901754574 | Cuneiform | A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. | 3 | |
| 5901762847 | Polytheistic | The belief in more than one god | 4 | |
| 5901765014 | Ziggurat | Massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. | 5 | |
| 5901780863 | Code of Hammurabi | A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world. | 6 | |
| 5901782598 | Pharaohs | They were the rulers of Egypt, believed by their people to be descended of the sun god. | 7 | |
| 5901787138 | Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words. | 8 | |
| 5901789391 | Mummification | A process in which the skin and flesh of a corpse can be preserved. This method was used in ancient Egypt. | 9 | |
| 5901800127 | Pyramids | The Sumerians, Egyptians, and Americans all built different types of this kind of structure because they all had a heavily centralized governments with emperors who were seen as closely tied to religion or were even seen as gods. | 10 | |
| 5901805257 | River valley | The first civilizations were _____ ______ civilizations. They were located here because of the flooding and the ability to have successful agricultural fields. | 11 | |
| 5901826360 | Hinduism | Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. | 12 | |
| 5901879159 | Vedas | Early Eastern sacred knowledge. by braham priests | 13 | |
| 5901880932 | Upanishads | A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. | 14 | |
| 5901898940 | Brahmans | The highest level in the caste system in Hinduism. | 15 | |
| 5901903782 | Patriarchal | Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ | 16 | |
| 5901906437 | Mandate of Heaven | The Chinese belief that the emperor claimed to be the "son of heaven" and therefore has the right to rule. This was invented and used first in the Zhou Dynasty. | 17 | |
| 5901911527 | Bureaucracy | Organized system of administration of a government chiefly through bureaus or departments staffed with non elected officials. | 18 | |
| 5901915865 | Migration | Hunting-gathering bands did this in order to find food and shelter. It defines nomadic existence and explains the spread of humanity throughout the earth in prehistoric times. | 19 | |
| 5901919460 | Zhou Dynasty | A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty. | 20 | |
| 5901922402 | Neolithic Revolution | A turning point in the stone age when humans began farming. | 21 | |
| 5901925935 | Agricultural Revolution | Another name for the Neolithic Revolution. | 22 | |
| 5901927942 | Bronze Age | A period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze. | 23 | |
| 5901934104 | Mesopotamia | A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. | 24 | |
| 5901935753 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions. | 25 | |
| 5901942714 | Tigris and Euphrates | Mesopotamia is the land between what two rivers? | 26 | |
| 5901947257 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. | 27 | |
| 5901949178 | Hittites | The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy. | 28 | |
| 5901957003 | Assyrian Empire | This empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE. | 29 | |
| 5901963303 | Nebuchadnezzar | The Neo-Babylonian king in the 6th century B.C.E. | 30 | |
| 5901968552 | Persian Empire | Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great. | 31 | |
| 5901978380 | Egypt | Society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead. | 32 | |
| 5901981967 | Menes | The king who unifed Egypt. | 33 | |
| 5901984618 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. | 34 | |
| 5902008166 | Indus River Valley | A Bronze Age civilization that encompassed the area of modern-day Pakistan, as well as parts of southeastern Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and northwestern India. | 35 | |
| 5902010692 | Fertile Crescent | The swath of land in the Middle East where agriculture and later urbanization and later the first empires began. | 36 | |
| 5902023851 | Khyber Pass | A narrow mountain pass on the border between eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. It has long been a strategic trade and invasion route. It was important in the Indus River Valley civilization. | 37 | |
| 5902025539 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. | 38 | |
| 5902025540 | Mohenjo-Daro | Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. | 39 | |
| 5902039813 | Aryans | Nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; Vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system. Their ideas eventually turned into Hinduism. | 40 | |
| 5902042096 | Shang Dynasty | "Second" Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. | 41 | |
| 5902052345 | Bantu migration | The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000. | 42 | |
| 5902055857 | Olmecs | An early peopl who settled in modern day Mexico and who traded in jade and obsidian and erected colossal heads carved from rocks. | 43 | |
| 5902055858 | Chavin | A pre-Incan South American civilization developed in Peru; famous for their style of architecture and drainage systems to protect from floods. | 44 | |
| 5902069185 | Rock and Pillar Edicts | A collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka as well as boulders and cave walls made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire during his reign from 269 BCE to 232 BCE. | 45 | |
| 5902096305 | Arabic numerals | A decimal system created during the Gupta Dynasty. It used the numerals one through nine. | 46 | |
| 5902105632 | Han Dynasty | (202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim. | 47 | |
| 5902110874 | Satrapy | A province and/or the title of a client kings of the Persian Empire. Based on the system where conquered territory would maintain much of their identity and sovereignty within the Persian Empire. | 48 | |
| 5902115417 | Delian League | The alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Perisa into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age.". | 49 | |
| 5902122817 | Hellenism | Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam. | 50 | |
| 5902125004 | Patricians | The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era. | 51 | |
| 5902127990 | Plebeians | All non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome. | 52 | |
| 5902131012 | Twelve Tables | Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic following demands by plebeians. | 53 | |
| 5902140844 | First triumvirate | A term historians use for an informal political alliance between three prominent men of the late Roman Republic: Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. | 54 | |
| 5902148976 | Second triumvirate | The name historians have given to the official political alliance of Gaius Octavius (Octavian, Caesar Augustus), Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus | 55 | |
| 5902153654 | Pax Romana | A time in history when the Roman Empire was at peace and promoted safe trade. | 56 | |
| 5902165728 | Christianity | Although initially it was seen as a bizarre cult and was violently persecuted, eventually it gained acceptance and in the 300s became the official religion of the Roman state. | 57 | |
| 5902172392 | Edict of Milan | A letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. | 58 | |
| 5902175996 | Zoroastrianism | System of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster. | 59 | |
| 5902182410 | Confucianism | Chinese belief system from 500s BCE that emphasized family loyalty, respecting elders, education, obedience, and ancestors. | 60 | |
| 5902184462 | Daoism | A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature. | 61 | |
| 5902186389 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. It also believed that people only behaved under harsh punishment and a srong central government. | 62 | |
| 5902231284 | Hinduism | A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms. | 63 | |
| 5902238054 | Buddhism | Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. | 64 | |
| 5902244841 | Judaism | The monotheistic religion of the Jews. | 65 | |
| 5902250062 | Theravada | ''Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods | 66 | |
| 5902254499 | Mahayana | The name of the more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects. This one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia. | 67 | |
| 5902257388 | Mauryan Empire | The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. | 68 | |
| 5902262752 | Chandragupta Maurya | The founder of the Mauryan Empire. | 69 | |
| 5902265038 | Ashoka Maurya | Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism. | 70 | |
| 5902271896 | Chandra Gupta | The founder of the Gupta Empire. | 71 | |
| 5902278689 | Great Wall of China | A vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the 3rd century B.C. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km | 72 | |
| 5902284476 | Qin Shihuangdi | (r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works. | 73 | |
| 5902306365 | Xiongnu | A large nomadic group from northern Asia who may have been Huns, invading territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. | 74 | |
| 5902309950 | Wudi | Emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control. | 75 | |
| 5902327728 | Great Royal Road | The longest road in a series of roads to improve transportation and communication across the Persian Empire. | 76 | |
| 5902345021 | Lydians | A group of people that lived near the Persian Empire that came up with the concept of coined money. | 77 | |
| 5902356730 | Phoenicians | A society of people that developed a simpler alphabet than the cuneiform with only 22 letters. They also had a powerful navy. | 78 | |
| 5902374005 | Hebrews | The first Jews that believed in Judaism. They were invaded frequently and went through a diaspora over many years. | 79 | |
| 5902382532 | Athens | A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta. | 80 | |
| 5902385135 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts | 81 | |
| 5902388113 | Persian Wars | A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious. | 82 | |
| 5902397540 | Pericles | Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force. He also established a democracy for all adult males. | 83 | |
| 5902406469 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. | 84 | |
| 5902406470 | Plato | (430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. | 85 | |
| 5902408189 | Aristotle | Unlike his teacher Plato, he believe that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world. | 86 | |
| 5902430231 | Homer | The author of the Illiad and the Odyssey. | 87 | |
| 5902433269 | Peloponnesian Wars | (431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north. | 88 | |
| 5902438714 | Macedonia | Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great. | 89 | |
| 5902446438 | Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia. | 90 | |
| 5902449408 | Punic Wars | Wars between the Romans and Carthaginians that marked Rome as the preeminent power in the eastern as well as the western Mediterranean. | 91 | |
| 5902537780 | Hannibal | Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. He led his troops across the Alps and into Italy on elephants. | 92 | |
| 5902543946 | Octavius | Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana. | 93 | |
| 5902548410 | Julius Caesar | Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E. | 94 | |
| 5902555145 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul. | 95 | |
| 5902561344 | Constantine | Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well. | 96 | |
| 5902566018 | Diocletian | Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement. | 97 | |
| 5902587865 | Sunni | The largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph became known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah or "the people of tradition and unification" in order to differentiate them from the Shia, who rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph. | 98 | |
| 5902590279 | Shia | The second largest sect within Islam. It originated in the early centuries of Islam perhaps over a political dispute over who would be the next Caliph. This group believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph. Over time this faction's religious interpretations and practices have also come to differ slightly from most Muslims. | 99 | |
| 5902600152 | Five Pillars | The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca | 100 | |
| 5902610761 | Qu'ran | The holy book of Muslims. | 101 | |
| 5902616459 | Hijra | Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE) | 102 | |
| 5902619795 | Theocracy | A government ruled by or subject to religious authority. | 103 | |
| 5902624101 | Caliphate | Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad. | 104 | |
| 5902627542 | Umayyad Caliphate | (661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it. | 105 | |
| 5902639138 | Dome of the Rock | Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. | 106 | |
| 5902643091 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of. | 107 | |
| 5902647096 | Middle Ages | The period of European history between ancient and modern times. | 108 |
