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| 5336513927 | Brutus | A supporter of the republic who believes strongly in a government guided by the votes of senators. While Brutus loves Caesar as a friend, he opposes the ascension of any single man to the position of dictator, and he fears that Caesar aspires to such power. Brutus's inflexible sense of honor makes it easy for Caesar's enemies to manipulate him into believing that Caesar must die in order to preserve the republic. While the other conspirators act out of envy and rivalry, only Brutus truly believes that Caesar's death will benefit Rome. Unlike Caesar, Brutus is able to separate completely his public life from his private life; by giving priority to matters of state, he epitomizes Roman virtue. Torn between his loyalty to Caesar and his allegiance to the state, Brutus becomes the tragic hero of the play. | 0 | |
| 5336526680 | Galen | (129-c. 199) Greek surgeon of the Roman Empire, he described heart valves and studied arteries and veins. | 1 | |
| 5336532773 | Hannibal | Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. | 2 | |
| 5336537792 | Julius Caesar | 100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful. | 3 | |
| 5336545598 | Marc Anthony | - a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire | 4 | |
| 5336557767 | Octavian Augustus | The adopted soon of Caesar who was in the second triumvirate (rule of three men) and ruled the west side of Rome and eventually took complete control of Rome. He created a new political order "Principate" which became very successful and earned him the title given to him in 27 BC by the Senate, Augustus meaning the revered one | 5 | |
| 5336596840 | Ptolemy | (100?-170 CE) Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. His geocentric model of the universe lasted until the 16th century. | 6 | |
| 5336606575 | Scipio Africanus | Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC) | 7 | |
| 5336608923 | Spartacus | A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.). | 8 | |
| 5336612153 | Tacitus | A Roman historian who presented the facts accurately. He wrote about the good and the bad of imperial Rome in his Annals and Histories. | 9 | |
| 5336987888 | Tarquin the Proud | 7th Etruscan king, last king of Rome, a harsh tyrant driven from power in 509 B.C. | 10 | |
| 5336991351 | Alaric | Germanic chief who invaded Rome in 410 A.D. And burned records and looted treasury | 11 | |
| 5336996262 | Attila | leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century | 12 | |
| 5336998081 | Augustine | (Roman Catholic Church) Early Christian church father and philosopher who served (396-430) as bishop of Hippo (Present day Algeria) | 13 | |
| 5337008019 | Constantine | (274 CE - 337 CE) Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecution of Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. | 14 | |
| 5337010339 | Diocletian | (245-313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire. | 15 | |
| 5337010340 | Jesus | A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. Hailed as the Messiah and son of God by his followers, he became the central figure in Christianity, a belief system that developed in the centuries after his death | 16 | |
| 5337015295 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code | 17 | |
| 5337020936 | Livy | Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17) | 18 | |
| 5337020937 | Odoacer | Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493) | 19 | |
| 5337022861 | Paul | A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. Taking advantage of his Hellenized background and Roman citizenship, he traveled throughout Syria-Palestine, Anatolia, and Greece, preaching the new religion and establishing churches. Finding his greatest success among pagans ("gentiles"), he began the process by which Christianity separated from Judaism. | 20 | |
| 5337027702 | Peter | A.D. 5-67 One of the 12 apostles of Jesus; Roman Catholics consider him to be the first pope, bishop of Rome | 21 | |
| 5337033555 | Pontius Pilate | A Roman procurator who played a key role in Jesus' trial and execution | 22 | |
| 5337037643 | Theodosius | (346? CE - 395 CE) Emperor of the Roman Empire who is responsible for making the Christian religion the official religion of the empire. | 23 | |
| 5337042984 | Virgil | A Roman poet who spent ten years writing his masterpiece, the Aeneid, the epic of the legendary Aeneas. Modeled the Aeneid, written in praise of Rome and Roman virtues, after the Greek epics of Homer. | 24 | |
| 5337048098 | Barbarians | uncivilized primitive people; people living outside Greece or Rome in the days of the Roman Empire | 25 | |
| 5337051899 | Bishop | One who has received the fullness of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, which makes him a member of the episcopal college and a successor of the Apostles. He is the shepherd of a particular church entrusted to him. | 26 | |
| 5337058385 | Estruscans | first people to control Rome, originally from Etruri The Romans successfully revolted against this civilization in 509 B.C.E. and formed a democratic government as a result. | 27 | |
| 5337067850 | Latins | An ancient people living in the region of Latium, Italy, who believed that they descended from Latinus, the father-in-law of Aeneas | 28 | |
| 5337071385 | Martyrs | A Greek word that means "witness," referring to those who were put to death because of their religious beliefs. | 29 | |
| 5337074660 | Messiah | "God's chosen (anointed) one" - the awaited king of the Jews; this term is derived from the Hebrew language | 30 | |
| 5337119855 | Patricians | A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies. | 31 | |
| 5337122713 | Plebeians | Rome's common people, including peasants, artisans, craftsmen, and traders, majority of the population. As traders, many became as wealthy as patricians. | 32 | |
| 5337126861 | Pope | Head of the Roman Catholic Church | 33 | |
| 5337129542 | Priest | A member of the order of priesthood; co-workers with their bishops that form a unique sacerdotal college or Presbyterian dedicated to assist their bishops in priestly service to the People of God. | 34 | |
| 5337129543 | Consuls | Two most powerful Magistrates (elected officials) in the Roman Republic who ran the city and led the army | 35 | |
| 5337132205 | Dictator | A ruler who has complete power over a country | 36 | |
| 5337134132 | Latifundia | Huge estates bought up by newly wealthy Roman citizens | 37 | |
| 5337134133 | Legions | groups of up to 6,000 soldiers a group of up to 6,000 Roman soldiers | 38 | |
| 5337137185 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. | 39 | |
| 5337137186 | Republic | A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. | 40 | |
| 5337139425 | Senate | A group of 300 men elected to govern Rome in the Roman Republic. | 41 | |
| 5337139426 | Tribune | In ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights. | 42 | |
| 5337141627 | Triumvirate | An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E. Eventually results in civil war that brings down the republic and results in the Roman Empire. | 43 | |
| 5337141628 | Twelve Tables | Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic to protect individual following demands by plebeians. | 44 |
