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| 5591496375 | Silk Roads | Eurasian trading network that connected Rome, China, and India. Transported mostly luxury goods. Transport was done in "chunks" (no one traversed the entire route). Spread ideas (especially Buddhism) and disease (the plague). Transport on this route declined substantially because of the spread of disease. | 0 | |
| 5591496376 | Black Death | Another name for the plague. Decimated much of Eurasia and North Africa, spreading from east to west, in the fourteenth century. Spread by fleas on rats. Killed from 1/3 to 2/3 of people in Europe, helped to topple Yuan dynasty in China. | 1 | |
| 5591496377 | Indian Ocean trading network | Stretched from Southern China to Eastern Africa, carried some luxury goods (gold, ivory, porcelain, spices, etc.) and, unlike the Silk Road, bulk and staple goods (textiles, pepper, rice, timber, sugar, wheat) because of the ability of ships to carry more cargo. Depended on monsoons. Trade occurred between cities rather than nations. | 2 | |
| 5591496378 | Srivijaya | Malay kingdom, dominated the critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade (the Malay peninsula/Coast of Sumatra) from 670 to 1025. State had a plentiful supply of gold, access to spices, and levied taxes on trade; from this drew supporters, funded bureaucracy, and created a navy. Imported Indian political ideas and Buddhism | 3 | |
| 5591496379 | Borobudur | Mountain shaped structure of ten levels, depicting the Buddhist journey from ignorance to enlightenment, located in the Sailendra Kingdom (Java). Largest Buddhist monument in the world. Represents the blending of Javanese culture with Buddhism, and the penetration of Indian culture in the region. | 4 | |
| 5591496380 | Swahili civilization | East African civilization, in 8th century took the shape of a set of commercial city states stretching along the East African coast. Growth stimulated by Indian ocean trade, extremely urban, language influenced by Arabic traders, became Islamic. | 5 | |
| 5591496381 | Great Zimbabwe | Located in African interior, grew up on gold trade (esp. with Somalia), and reached its peak between 1250 and 1350. Built imposing walls. | 6 | |
| 5591496382 | Sand Roads | Took of with the introduction of the camel in the 1st century, connected North and West Africa, salt exchanged for gold and slaves, spread Islam, by 4th century regular trans-Saharan trade established. Gold sought most highly. | 7 | |
| 5591496383 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | Construction stimulated by Sand Road trade. All monarchies with court lives and varying degrees of bureaucracy and military strength, and drew wealth from taxing trans-Saharan trade | 8 | |
| 5591496384 | trans-Saharan slave trade | Mostly non-Islamic peoples without a state, held a variety of jobs (normally servants to Islamic people's in North Africa). Between 1100 and 1400 thousands of slaves were transported across the Sahara each year. | 9 | |
| 5591496385 | American web | Less connected than Eurasian societies (absence of domesticated animals/North-South Direction). Loose contact from Great Lakes to Mississippi to Andes, spread maize and some culture. Most active between Mesoamerica and the Andes; civilizations in that region had trading networks. Inca state built roads. | 10 | |
| 5591496386 | Sui Dynasty | Ruled 589-618. Reunite China after the fall on the Han in 220. | 11 | |
| 5591496387 | Tang Dynasty | 8th Century Dynasty. Helped begin the Golden Age of China, along with the Song, with the reintroduction if the examination system, and the establishment of schools. | 12 | |
| 5591496388 | Song Dynasty economic revolution | Created printing, improved means of transportation (trade is easier), took tax revenue in cash, and started an economic revolution in China, accompanied by a huge growth in population. Adopt new rice from Vietnam, very urbanized, large scale industrial production, water ways and canals, and the emergence of specialized markets. | 13 | |
| 5591496389 | Hangzhou | Capital of Song Dynasty China, home to more than a million people, abounded in specialized markets, visited by Marco Polo. | 14 | |
| 5591496390 | Foot binding | Emerged during the Song Dynasty (which created a reemergence of patriarchy and restrictions on women). Forced women to conform to a certain aesthetic ideal and restricted their movement. | 15 | |
| 5591496391 | Tribute system | China sees itself as "Middle Kingdom", extracts tribute from neighbors and nomads in exchange for not making war and acknowledging Chinese superiority. Foreigners submits o this in exchange for trade rights. Chinese sometimes had to pay tribute to nomads. | 16 | |
| 5591496392 | Xiongnu | "Barbarian" Empire that took over pieces of China and demanded tribute. Nomads. | 17 | |
| 5591496393 | Khitan/Jurchen people | Nomadic peoples who conquered parts of Northern China, also demanded tribute from China. | 18 | |
| 5591496394 | Silla Dynasty (Korea) | Ruled 688-900. Allied with Tang Dynasty to create unity between Korea and China. | 19 | |
| 5591496395 | hangul | Korean phonetic alphabet. | 20 | |
| 5591496396 | chu nom | Vietnamese variation of Chinese script. | 21 | |
| 5591496397 | Trung sisters | In 39 the Trung Sisters (Vietnamese daughters of a leader deposed by the Chinese) launched a rebellion against the Chinese that lasted several years. When it ended they committed suicide. | 22 | |
| 5591496398 | Shotoku Taishi | Prominent Japanese aristocrat, advocated the bringing of Chinese style government to Japa | 23 | |
| 5591496399 | bushido | Japanese, way of the warrior (samurai). | 24 | |
| 5591496400 | Chinese Buddhism | Came from India via the Silk Road, blended with Chinese culture (esp. Confucianism), with texts translated to reflect more Chinese values (dharma becomes dao). After the collapse of the Han dynasty Buddhist monasteries provided some social services, revived modest state support. After 800, xenophobia (b/c of foreign born revolution) against Buddhism increased; sharply criticized by upper class, Chinese state tried to destroy it (still remainder popular). | 25 | |
| 5591496401 | Emperor Wendi | Sui emperor (r. 581-604), provided state support for Buddhism, built temples, and used Buddhism to justify military campaigns. | 26 | |
| 5591496402 | Byzantine Empire | Started 330, continuation of Roman Empire. Included Egypt, Greece, Syria, and Anatolia; wealthier, more urbanized, and more cosmopolitan than the Western Empire. Kept the roads, tax system, imperial court, laws, and Christian court of the Roman Empire. Considered themselves Romans. | 27 | |
| 5591496403 | Constantinople | Capital of Byzantine Empire, established by Emperor Constantinople in 330 on the site of the former Greek city of Byzantium. | 28 | |
| 5591496404 | Justinian | Emperor of Byzantine Empire (r. 527-565). Attempted to reconquer the Mediterranean basin. | 29 | |
| 5591496405 | caesaropapism | The close relationship between Church and State in Byzantium. The Emperor took on the role of "Caesar", head of state, and pope (he appointed the leader of the Orthodox Church). | 30 | |
| 5591496406 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Huge impact on Byzantine life. Created by the Schism of 1054, didn't want to recognize the Pope's authority, its priests can marry, and wanted to prohibit the use of icons, as well as other theological disputes. | 31 | |
| 5591496407 | icons | Popular paintings of saints and biblical scenes, usually on small wooden panels. | 32 | |
| 5591496408 | Kievan Rus | Modest state, named after its largest city, Kiev, emerged in the 9th century b/c of trade. Led by princes, stratified society. Religiously diverse, in 10th century, Prince Vladimir of Kiev allied the state with Eastern Orthodox Christianity (so as to unite his people). | 33 | |
| 5591496409 | Prince Vladimir of Kiev | Prince of Kievan Rus, converted his people o Eastern Orthodox Christianity. | 34 | |
| 5591496410 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great (r. 768-814). Extended Frankish control through Spain and Italy. Symbolic of the post imperial age, he was barely literate, speaking some Latin and a little Greek, had facility with Theologians, and was the strongest ruler of his lifetime. Aechen was his capital, delegated power to Counts. On Chrustmas Day, 800 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo (this anger Byzantine Empire). | 35 | |
| 5591496411 | Holy Roman Empire | Encompassed much of Germany, made up of small principalities. | 36 | |
| 5591496412 | 1453 | Fall of Byzantine Empire | 37 | |
| 5591496413 | Roman Catholic Church | Latin half of the Christian Church, headed by the Pope. Record keeper of Europe. | 38 | |
| 5591496414 | Western Christendom | For much of the period occupied the fringes of world history, only after 1500 did it fr come geographically central to world trade. Organized into competing states, feudalism and manorialism emerge. Roman Catholic Church fills power vacuum left by Roman Empire. | 39 | |
| 5591496415 | Crusades | Started when Emperor Alexios asked Pope Urban II for help in recapturing the holy land from Muslims, dominated by French and Norman nobles, alternative to poor life in Europe. 1st a Crusade starts 1095, 4th Crusade (1202-4) is the most famous. 9 crusades total, briefly recapture holy land (1099), then it us taken again by Muslims (1187). | 40 | |
| 5591496416 | European cities | Emerge after 1000. City states like Venice, Florence, Milan, and the Papal States. Were autonomous and had different kinds of government. | 41 | |
| 5591496417 | system of competing states | Never achieved Unity as in Roman Empire. Individual states like France, England, Sweden, etc competed for power and land. | 42 | |
| 5591496418 | Aristotle and Classical Greek learning | Universities established, literate churchmen debate these ideas and apply them first to theology, then to other disciplines. Sought texts from Byzantium and Arab world. Aristo ties writings become basis for university education. | 43 | |
| 5591496419 | Quran | The sacred scripture of Islam, given to Mohamed as a series off revelations from the angel Gabriel that began in 610 and continued for the next 22 years. Radically monotheistic, challenged the social inequalities and tribalism of Arab society. | 44 | |
| 5591496420 | umma | The worldwide Muslim community, the community of all believers. | 45 | |
| 5591496421 | Pillars of Islam | The five requirements for believers: 1. No God but Allah, Muhammad is his messenger 2. Prayer (Pray five times a day facing Mecca 3. Almsgiving (Believers must support the poor) 4. Month of Fasting During Ramadan (No food, drink, or sex from dawn till sundown 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) *6. Jihad (Holy War against Infidels) | 46 | |
| 5591496422 | Hijra | Mohamed's emigration from Mecca to Medina in 622. Marked the beginning of a new Islamic calendar. | 47 | |
| 5591496423 | Jizya | "People of the Book" (Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians) had to pay the Jizya tax in order to freely practice their religion. | 48 | |
| 5591496424 | Ulama | Religious scholars, Sunni Muslims believe that religious authority emerges from them. | 49 | |
| 5591496425 | Umayyad Caliphate | (r. 661-750) Arab rule expanded, caliph became hereditary position, and the capital moved to Damascus. Disliked by Shia and non-Muslims, lived very luxuriously. Overthrown by Abbasids in 750. | 50 | |
| 5591496426 | Abbasid caliphate | Capital in Baghdad, oversaw flourishing civilization in which non-Arabs gained new prominence. Heavy Persian influence. Began fracturing into sultanate sin the 9th century, officially ended in 1258 with Mongol conquest. | 51 | |
| 5591496427 | al-Ghazali | (1058-1111) Legal scholar and Sufi practitioner, incorporated Sufi thought into mainstream Islam. | 52 | |
| 5591496428 | Sikhism | A blend of Islam (esp. Monotheism) and Hinduism (karma, rebirth), founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539). | 53 | |
| 5591496429 | Anatolia | (Turkey). At first, ruled by Byzantines and largely Greek speaking Christians. Invaded by Turkic peoples, by 1500 90% Muslim and largely Turkic speaking. Unlike India, huge cultural change. Heartland of Ottoman Empire. | 54 | |
| 5591496430 | Ibn Battuta | 14th Century Arab Moroccan traveler, disapproved of Anatolia's freer Islamic women, same in West Afruca. | 55 | |
| 5591496431 | Timbuktu | By 16th century, became a center of Islamic learning, with mosques, schools, higher education, and libraries. | 56 | |
| 5591496432 | al-Andalus | Muslim name for Spain. Chief site of Islamic encounter with Catholic Europe. Conquered in 8th century, Muslims and Christians lived largely in harmony. Mozarabs (Arabized Spaniards). By 10th century toleration erodes, reconquer picks up by 1200. | 57 | |
| 5591496433 | Madrassas | Formal colleges; instruction in Koran, law, grammar rhetoric, sometimes theology and mathematics. | 58 | |
| 5591496434 | House of Wisdom | Established by Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun in Baghdad as an academic center for research and translation. Stimulated by Greek texts. | 59 | |
| 5591496435 | Ibn Sina | Arab physician, accurately diagnosed many diseases, like hay fever, measles, small pox, diabetes, diphtheria, and rabies. | 60 | |
| 5591496436 | Sharia | Islamic law, which is considered the one law for both secular and religious matters. Regulated every aspect of life. Developed primarily in 8th and 9th century by Ulama. Different schools of Sharia thought emerged. | 61 | |
| 5591496437 | Pastoralism | Lived in areas where farming was difficult, instead focused their economies on the raising of livestock. Emerged only in the Afro-Eurasian world. Less productive economies, smaller populations, kin based group organization, better status for women, and more egalitarian than agricultural societies. Mobile. Connected to, and dependent on, agricultural neighbors. Hard to organize into states. | 62 | |
| 5591496438 | Xiongnu | Large scale nomadic empire on the Mongolian steppes North of China. In third and second centuries B.C. created a huge military confederacy, under Modun became more organized and exacted tribute from China and other nomads. Later dissolved under Chinese attack. | 63 | |
| 5591496439 | Modun | Xiongnu Leader, reigned 210-174 B.C. Organized nomadic peoples into centralized political hierarchies, with power concentrated in a divinely ordained ruler and junior and senior clans holding power. | 64 | |
| 5591496440 | Turks | From Mongolia and Northern Siberia, migrated westward and created a series of empires between 552-965. Alliance of tribes headed by single leader. Allied, traded with, exacted tribute, and raided China, Persia, and Byzantium. Converted to Islam, moved to Middle East, first skates to Abbasid, later took military power themselves. Created Seljuk Turk empire in 11th and 12th centuries, became sultans. Brought Islam and Turkic culture to Anatolia and the Ottoman Empire. | 65 | |
| 5591496441 | Masai | Nomadic cattle herders of east Africa, tied together with agricultural neighbors in rituals of village and clan. Considered Pastoralism a superior way of life. Periodically farmers, accepted outsiders and dependent on agricultural societies, who borrowed from them culturally. | 66 | |
| 5591496442 | Temujin/Chinggis Khan | (1162-1227) Father murdered, family held together by mother. Built up a small band of followers, allied with powerful tribal leaders, and rose to power from complex tribal politics. In 1206 Mongol tribal assembly recognized him as supreme leader of Mongol nation. To keep tribe together decided to attack China, first assault launched 1209. | 67 | |
| 5591496443 | The Mongol world war | A process of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building by Khan and his grandsons enabled the Mongol empire to encompass China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Middle East and parts of Eastern Europe. Conquered people scattered. | 68 | |
| 5591496444 | Yuan dynasty China | Unified China, adopted Mandate of Heaven, and moved the capital to Beijing. Adopted Chinese administrative practices, taxation system, and postal system. | 69 | |
| 5591496445 | Khubilai Khan | Khan's grandson, Mongol leader of China from 1271 to 1294, gave ancestors Chinese names, improved roads, built canals, lowered taxes, patronized the arts, limited the death penalty, supported farmers, and stopped Mongols from grazing on peasant land. Adopted some religious practices, still harsh. | 70 | |
| 5591496446 | Hulegu | Grandson of Khan, led the attack on Persia and Iraq (1251-1258), toppled Abbasid Caliphate, and massacred more than 200,000 people. Disaster for agricultural land and heavily taxed peasants. | 71 | |
| 5591496447 | Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde | Mongol conquest of Russia, never really occupied cities, grazed herds on steppes, and collected tribute from Russian princes, whom they appointed. Russian Orthodox Church grew. No direct rule=Little assimilation. State centered in Moscow. Mongols forced out by 15th century. | 72 | |
| 5591496448 | Black Death/Plague | Another name for the plague. Decimated much of Eurasia and North Africa, spreading from east to west, in the fourteenth century. Spread by fleas on rats. Killed from 1/3 to 2/3 of people in Europe, helped to topple Yuan dynasty in China. Spread on Silk Road, cut off much trade. Originated in Central Asia. Reached Europe/Middle East by 1347. Better working pay for laborers, more opportunities for women. Europeans take to the sea. | 73 | |
| 5591496449 | Paleolithic persistence | The term used to define the Paleolithic people of Australia and North America that still maintained their way of life in the 15th century despite the presence of growing civilizations. They proved to have a history that included manipulation of the environment (firestick farming), participation in trade, and in North America, the development of "complex" cultures. | 74 | |
| 5591496451 | Igbo | The agricultural village society in West Africa that rejected the states of the neighboring Yoruba and Bini for a society without kings. They traded among themselves and with distant people such as the Songhay empire, implementing cultural unity as well. | 75 | |
| 5591496452 | Iroquois | Agricultural village society in present New York State known for its confederation, or the Great Law of Peace, that included its Five Nations. | 76 | |
| 5591496453 | Timur | The Turkic warrior that expanded Tamerlane to succeed the pastoral society of the Mongol Empire, encompassing Russia, Persia, and India in the process. It's state proved to be the last nomadic success but also combined Turkic and Persian culture. | 77 | |
| 5591496454 | Fulbe | Pastoral people in the West Sahara that while migrating eastward, were subordinated among agricultural people. They also expanded Islam during their eastward migration. | 78 | |
| 5591496455 | Ming dynasty China | The Chinese dynasty that renewed its civilization after Mongol rule and the spread of the plague through cultural and political achievements and abrupt maritime voyages. It's political and cultural achievements were reminiscent of their past. | 79 | |
| 5591496456 | Zheng He | Chinese eunuch who was born as a mongol and was later assigned to Emperor Yongle. Most known for leading seven voyages between 1405 and 1433. | 80 | |
| 5591496457 | European Renaissance | Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance was Europe's cultural renewal that brought a new era of Greco-Roman art that focused less on Christianity and more on realism and secular topics. These cultural achievements proved to be something new in European's history. | 81 | |
| 5591496458 | Ottoman Empire | The empire created by Turkic groups in Anatolia that overtook the Byzantine empire and encompassed North Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. It represented the Turks as the dominant people of Islam and were considered successors to the Roman Empire. | 82 | |
| 5591496459 | Seizure of Constantinople (1453) | An encounter between the Islamic Ottoman state and the Christian Byzantine that marked the final demise of Byzantium. It Allowed Ottoman rulers to see themselves as successors to the Roman Empire. | 83 | |
| 5591496460 | Safavid Empire | The Islamic state that formed to the east of the Ottoman Empire. It imposed a Shia version of Islam as its official religion, introducing a sharp divide into the political and religious life of heartland Islam. | 84 | |
| 5591496461 | Songhay Empire | Islamic state in West Africa that taxed the trans-Saharan trade and spread Islam, although it limited the religion to urban elites. Like the Mughal empire, it governed a largely non-Muslim population. | 85 | |
| 5591496462 | Timbuktu | The massive capital of the Songhay Empire that served as a major center of Islamic learning and commerce. | 86 | |
| 5591496463 | Mughal Empire | Islamic Empire that encompassed most of the Indian peninsula and spread Islam to Southeast Asia. It provided political unity for India and accommodated Hindus and Muslims. | 87 | |
| 5591496464 | Malacca | A previously small fishing village located on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya. It became a major Muslim port city and center for Islamic learning. | 88 | |
| 5591496465 | Aztec Empire | The loosely structured empire of the Mexica people that unified Mesoamerica. It was distinguished by its tribute systems and religious that relied on human sacrifice. | 89 | |
| 5591496466 | Inca Empire | The bureaucratic empire formed by the Quechua-speaking people of the Andes. It sought political and cultural integration of their subjects. | 90 |
