so mr. negus said that to study for the test you should be able to answer the questions 'how' and 'why' for different events, but hopefully this helps with the facts part :))
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| 4821313369 | early humans migrated, the Neolithic Revolution, civilization developed | what are the major transformations in unit 1? | 0 | |
| 4821322577 | Africa | where did human communities first emerge out of? | 1 | |
| 4821330098 | hunter-gatherers | what were the human communities called in the Paleolithic Age? |  | 2 |
| 4821332874 | pre-8000 BCE | what period of time is the Paleolithic Age? | 3 | |
| 4821336606 | no | was there a status difference between men and women in hunter-gatherer communities? | 4 | |
| 4821343460 | gatherer, hunter | what was usually the woman's role in the hunter-gatherer community? the man's role? | 5 | |
| 4821346277 | 50 | about how many people were in each hunter-gatherer community? | 6 | |
| 4821348986 | high | were infant mortality rates high or low in hunter-gatherer communities? | 7 | |
| 4821350798 | no | did hunter-gatherers have access to medicine? | 8 | |
| 4821353881 | no | did hunter-gatherers have social classes? | 9 | |
| 4821356819 | community use | were the tools of hunter-gatherers private property or for community use? | 10 | |
| 4821363353 | Kalahari bushmen | what is the name of the people who still live the hunter-gatherer life today? | 11 | |
| 4821368363 | burden | were children an advantage or a burden in hunter-gatherer communities? | 12 | |
| 4821371326 | animals | what was most of the art of hunter-gatherers a depiction of? | 13 | |
| 4821373837 | animism | the religion of hunter-gatherers; believed that all animals have a unique spirit and that by killing them, you feed off of their force | 14 | |
| 4821384808 | fermentation | was discovered in the Neolithic Revolution when you let wet wheat porridge sit out, causing the yeast in the air to be attracted to it and cause a chemical breakdown of the porridge, leading to the discovery of alcohol levels and eventually beer | 15 | |
| 4821410016 | 8000 BCE | when does the Neolithic Revolution start? | 16 | |
| 4821412308 | the development of agriculture | what is the Neolithic Revolution? | 17 | |
| 4821417514 | domestication of grain | what was the most important event relating to the development of agriculture? | 18 | |
| 4821422794 | they began to settle permanently in areas around wild grasses and animals | what happened in the Neolithic Revolution relating to the migration of people? | 19 | |
| 4821436279 | corn/grain | _____________ / _______________ is dependent on us, and we are dependent on it | 20 | |
| 4821439560 | teosinte | what is the wild ancestor of corn? |  | 21 |
| 4821445313 | the size of a quarter | about how large was an ear of teosinte? | 22 | |
| 4821450755 | maize, wheat, rice | what are the three principal domesticated grains/grasses that still today make up about 60% of the world's caloric intake? | 23 | |
| 4821457082 | Africa/Middle East | in what area is wheat the basis of the diet? | 24 | |
| 4821458544 | Asia | in what area is rice the basis of the diet? | 25 | |
| 4821460062 | Mesoamerica | in what area is maize the basis of the diet? | 26 | |
| 4821473673 | Eurasia | what area domesticated the most animals? | 27 | |
| 4821477010 | llama and dog | what were the two animals that the Americas domesticated? | 28 | |
| 4821479452 | Southeast Asia | where was the chicken domesticated? | 29 | |
| 4821481801 | disadvantage - they carry diseases | is living in close quarters with domesticated animals an advantage or disadvantage? | 30 | |
| 4821485650 | the Americas | what area got taken over easily because of the many diseases that were brought to them? | 31 | |
| 4830757864 | beer | what was used as a currency in the Neolithic Revolution? | 32 | |
| 4830760598 | stone tools | what was the one thing that stayed the same in the Neolithic Revolution? | 33 | |
| 4830693997 | 3000 BCE | around what time was the development of civilization? | 34 | |
| 4831573550 | Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Nile River Valley, Huang Ho River Valley, Mesoamerica, Andean Region | what are some of the areas where civilization first emerged? | 35 | |
| 4831585213 | potatoes | what food was domesticated by the Andean Region? | 36 | |
| 4831586710 | civilization | some of the characteristics of the earliest _________________________: division of labor writing system economy urban civilization currency architecture patriarchy theocracy | 37 | |
| 4831593572 | high priests | who often became the head of social classes because they had direct access to and controlled the water/irrigation? | 38 | |
| 4831599340 | theocracy | a system of government in which priests rule in the name of a god/gods; a union of religion, government, and authority | 39 | |
| 4831608096 | city-states, empire | in Mesoamerica/Fertile Crescent, what were most of the civilizations originally ruled as? what were most of them eventually ruled as? | 40 | |
| 4831620646 | empires | what came into existence after most of the city-states of Mesoamerica were taken over? | 41 | |
| 4831622058 | monarchy | were empires usually a patriarchy or a monarchy? | 42 | |
| 4831664501 | ziggurats | rectangular stepped temples in Mesopotamia (sort of represented the idea of social classes because there were different levels) |  | 43 |
| 4831673818 | cuneiform | a system of writing with clay tablets and pictograms that gradually became more abstract |  | 44 |
| 4831682649 | Hammurabi Code | a Babylonian book of law code of ancient Mesopotamia | 45 | |
| 4831686555 | Epic of Gilgamesh | written around 2500 BCE; the first great surviving work of literature in the world (Mesopotamia) | 46 | |
| 4831691831 | wheat | what grain did Egypt mainly farm? | 47 | |
| 4831693446 | pharaohs | 'gods' sent to rule over Egypt | 48 | |
| 4831694278 | hieroglyphics | uniform writing system of Egypt that used pictograms | 49 | |
| 4831694979 | pyramids | tombs for pharaohs built with stone that have lasted over time with a very precise layout (the largest pyramid (Giza) has a base that is almost a perfect square) | 50 | |
| 4833957828 | post-lintel construction | a style of building/system of support that involves a series of columns supporting horizontal beams that in turn support the roof creating a massive interior space | 51 | |
| 4833962816 | frescos | the main Egyptian style of art | 52 | |
| 4833964286 | eternity | what were Egyptians obsessed with? | 53 | |
| 4833966002 | fresco | a way of painting - you put plaster on the wall and while it is still damp, you paint on it so that by the time the plaster dries, the paint's pigment will have seeped into the wall, resulting in a long-lasting painting | 54 | |
| 4833970612 | profile | in Egyptian art, the head was always in __________________ | 55 | |
| 4833974768 | inconsistency, unreliability | whereas the Egyptians focused on consistency and eternity, the Mesopotamians focused on ___________________ and ____________________ | 56 | |
| 4833978519 | white, black | in Egyptian art, the women were depicted as being ___________________ and the men as being __________________ to differentiate between gender | 57 | |
| 4833979881 | no | were there racial issues between Egyptians? | 58 | |
| 4833980407 | mummification | a technique to preserve the body for the afterlife; this technique led the Egyptians to become very skilled in medicine |  | 59 |
| 4833983858 | Mediterranean | where were the Phoenicians located? |  | 60 |
| 4833985396 | no | could Phoenicians grow and trade grain like other ancient civilizations? | 61 | |
| 4833985397 | wine | an expensive drink from Phoenicia that became the drink of the elite of Mesopotamia and Egypt, differentiating them from other lower social classes | 62 | |
| 4834014130 | olives and grapes | what were two of Phoenicia's main exports? |  | 63 |
| 4834016253 | Phoenician alphabet | the alphabet that became the basis for the Hebrew alphabet, Greek, and Latin; this alphabet also represented sounds; cultural diffusion occurred with this alphabet as well |  | 64 |
| 4834019827 | Minoans | a people from the island of Crete where civilization emerged; highly influenced by the Egyptians, as seen through their pillars and frescos | 65 | |
| 4834027221 | wheat | South Asia (known today as India) was centered around the growth of __________________ | 66 | |
| 4834028834 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | the two main cities of South Asia that were even larger than Mesopotamia and Egypt with populations of about 80,000-90,000 | 67 | |
| 4834030959 | civilized | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro's political system was not ___________________ | 68 | |
| 4834031607 | bathing | ritual ___________________ was a large part of the religious life of South Asia |  | 69 |
| 4834033012 | cow | South Asia had a great reverence to what animal? | 70 | |
| 4834033369 | theocracy | what type of government was South Asia? | 71 | |
| 4834060452 | rice | what was China's basis of diet? | 72 | |
| 4834075864 | Shang Dynasty | dynasty that ruled from 1750-1045 BCE | 73 | |
| 4834078193 | centralized | the Shang Dynasty's political system was very __________________ and politically stable | 74 | |
| 4834080335 | emperor | who leads an empire? | 75 | |
| 4834080807 | Zhou Dynasty | dynasty that ruled from 1045-256 BCE | 76 | |
| 4834082047 | Zhou | what dynasty replaced the Shang after 700 years? | 77 | |
| 4834083817 | The Mandate of Heaven | an ancient Chinese theory/belief that granted emperors the ability to rule because the gods backed them, until they messed up, causing a revolt, for the gods to longer back them, and for a new emperor to take power |  | 78 |
| 4834090077 | oracle bones | a form of divination in which burned bones were interpreted as a message from the gods and a way to make contact with the deceased and gods |  | 79 |
| 4834094310 | divination | the practice of seeking contact or knowledge from supernatural powers | 80 | |
| 4834096703 | Hanzi | Chinese form of writing; complex with lots of characters, a very difficult language to learn |  | 81 |
| 4834098452 | Book of Changes | the greatest work of literature from China; a book of texts about life; talks about looking for signs before events - the origin of Feng Shui | 82 | |
| 4834113963 | maize | what was the basis of Mesoamerica's diet? | 83 | |
| 4834114986 | theocracy | what type of government was Mesoamerica? | 84 | |
| 4834117217 | volcanic rock | Olmecs were very skilled artisans, especially with what material? |  | 85 |
| 4834118422 | tomatoes and chilies | what were two unique exports from Mesoamerica? | 86 | |
| 4834121678 | Olmecs | one of the first established Mesoamerican civilizations | 87 | |
| 4834125165 | time, calendar | the Olmecs' writing system was very advanced because of its use of __________________ and a _______________________ | 88 | |
| 4834126516 | Chavin | the people of the Andean region were called what? | 89 | |
| 4834126526 | potatoes | what was the basis of the Chavin diet? | 90 | |
| 4834128706 | llama | the only beast of burden in the Americas that was used for work as well as food | 91 | |
| 4834148404 | no | did the Chavin develop a written language? | 92 |
