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| 4782151832 | Dates to know | c. 8,000 B.C.E. (Neolithic Revolution) c. 3400 -3500 B.C.E. (Bronze age/ beginning of civilization) c. 1300 B.C.E. (Iron age) | 0 | |
| 4782160319 | Paleolithic Age | (stone age) - people originate in Africa and begin slow migration - survived by hunting and gathering - people had smaller brains - cave paintings showed artistic expression - discovery of fire (helped change from a raw food diet to cooked food) - division of labor | 1 | |
| 4782170798 | Neolithic Revolution | (Agricultural Revolution) - People began to domesticate plants - People controlled env. instead of reacting to it - lead to surplus of food = trade - occurred by independent development - people started settling in villages and towns - people began domesticating animals | 2 | |
| 4782187147 | Catul Huyuk | - Neolithic village - Modern day Turkey - It was gated - Planned burials (suggested belief in afterlife) - Being buried in jewelry showed wealth - Burial w/ mom and kids shows family was an important factor | 3 | |
| 4782198677 | Beginning of Civilization | - gender inequality - stone tools to bronze tools (metallurgy) - Urban focus: villages turn into towns; towns into cities - started to have religious structure (polytheistic-multiple gods, anthropomorphic- giving humanlike qualities to nonhumans) - When people don't have science to explain the env. they use religion (ex: famine = gods are unhappy) | 4 | |
| 4782218062 | First four civilizations | - Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent, modern day Iran, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) - Egypt (along the Nile River): occupied until post WW2 & had 'natural security' of the Sahara desert and Med. Sea - Indus River Valley (modern day border b/t Pakistan and India) - China (along the Yellow River): most stable | 5 | |
| 4782240324 | Mesopotamia | - Indo-Europeans (also language group) - languages evolved from them are Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, and Latin - Southern area is referred to as Sumer (people were referred to as Sumerians) - City state of Ur (pop. of 40,000) - developed written language called Cuneiform - Only boys knew how to write (elites) - Epic of Gilgamesh (great floods) -Ziggurat: temples build by the govt. - Views of the afterlife were negative - 90% of economy is agriculture -job of kings is to decide b/t war or peace | 6 | |
| 4782287192 | Sargon of Akkad (Mesopotamia) | (first empire) - King Akkad was the first to conquer Sumer and unify them under his rule - Bust (statue of head) of Sargon is held in the Library of Nineveh | 7 | |
| 4782295879 | First Babylonian Empire | - King Hammurabi: had first written code of law - Code of Hammurabi: introduces rule of law - Social classes (stratification) - Laws favored the elite - Patriarchy society; fathers had legal authority - Calendar was based on moon (lunar) | 8 | |
| 4782311594 | Hittite Empire | - originated in Anatolia - capital: Hattusa - first to develop iron weapons (tried to keep it secret) - dominant military power - the empire collapsed when people found out how to make iron weapons | 9 | |
| 4782318506 | Phoenicians | - maritime based (sea based) empire - controlled the Mediterranean Sea - invented the phonetic alphabet (no vowels) - most important city they had was Carthage (in modern day Tunisia) - They gathered and traded purple dye (made them wealthy) - Purple becomes the color of royalty - they introduce the money based economy | 10 | |
| 4782328624 | The Hebrews | - Abraham migrates from Ur & ends up in Egypt - He makes covenant to be monotheistic - Jews aren't out to convert people to their religion - King Saul: does unifying & created the tribes - Kind David: expands territory & made Jerusalem the capital city - King Solomon: loses some territory; but build the temple in Jerusalem (most likely using conscripted labor) | 11 | |
| 4782341764 | Assyrians | - 722 BCE overran the Kingdom of Israel - used iron weapons - Strategic fighting - siege warfare, psychological warfare - Rape and Pillage (made money from things they stole) - Capital: Nineveh - King Ashurbanipal: makes library to preserve history - Bas relief (art form) - After the King dies there will be a series of bad leaders and the empire will weaken | 12 | |
| 4782356851 | Second Babylonian Empire | - Chaldeans capture Babylon (616 BCE) - Capture Nineveh - King Nebuchadnezzar conquers Jerusalem (introduces the Babylonian captivity) - He takes influential Jews, the literate men, and successful traders out of Jerusalem and have forced relocation to Babylon - This starts the Jewish diaspora | 13 | |
| 4782372776 | Persian Empire | - physically the biggest empire - original capital: Suss - Referred to as a hyper empire (stable govt., wealthy economy, high literacy rates) - Syncretic empire: empire is built with the same/original pieces - *Cyrus the Great: tolerant ruler; and ends the Babylonian captivity - *Darius the Great: built a new capital city of Persepolis - have an organized army (fought in formation, called the immortals, and had 10,000 members) - Religion practiced: Zoroastrianism (monotheistic) - when empire was at its peak this religion was most successful/popular - shape & size & names of Persia change | 14 | |
| 4782403247 | Old Kingdom of Egypt | - Time of intense Pharaoh worship - Pharaohs seen as gods - Pyramids and monuments were built for them - Capital: Memphis (will change multiple times) - Lasts about 500 years | 15 | |
| 4782412296 | First Pharaoh | - First Pharaoh was Menes - He unifies upper and lower kingdom - wore the double diadem (continuity for Egypt) - All Pharaohs wore the double diadem at their coronation to legitimize their authority | 16 | |
| 4782421962 | Middle Kingdom of Egypt | - Govt. uses wealth, resources, and power to do public work projects (canals, roads) - Used conscripted labor to build these things - Conscripted labor: in between being a slave and being free - Hyksos come in and 'break' the natural security | 17 | |
| 4782432847 | New Kingdom | - Expand out of Egypt for the first time - Only female Pharaoh: Hatshepsut (rules as a regent) - Thutmosis: Pharaoh; takes over territories (Syria, Palestine, etc.) - Amenhotep IV: Pharaoh; brings religion; tries to turn people in Egypt to monotheists; lost territories gained by Thutmosis; was not liked & was assassinated (King Tut's father) - Rameses II: Pharaoh | 18 | |
| 4782451850 | The Collapse of Kingdoms | - due to overextension - collapse was slow and painful - Kingdom was too large to manage - series of ineffectual leaders - multiple years of food shortages - not enough money generated from taxes - corruption within the govt. | 19 | |
| 4782459470 | Egyptian contributions | - skills in architecture & engineering (monuments and pyramids) - Art (hieroglyphics) - Math/ Science (solar calendar, classify the medicinal & toxic properties of plants, and making mummies- chem.) | 20 |
