hey
Terms : Hide Images
| 15222105 | islam | major world religion having its origins in 610 CE in the arabian peninsula | 0 | |
| 15222106 | allah | supreme god in strictly monotheistic islam | 1 | |
| 15222107 | muslims | followers of islam | 2 | |
| 15222108 | muhammad | prophet of islam | 3 | |
| 15222109 | qu'ran | recitations of revelations received by muhammad; holy book of islam | 4 | |
| 15222110 | bedouin | nomadic pastoralists of the arabian peninsula | 5 | |
| 15222111 | shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society | 6 | |
| 15222112 | mecca | the holy city of islam | 7 | |
| 15222113 | umayyad | clan of quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of mecca | 8 | |
| 15222114 | quraysh | tribe of bedouins that controlled mecca | 9 | |
| 15222115 | ka'ba | most revered religious shrine in pre-islamic arabia | 10 | |
| 15222116 | medina | town that became refuge for muhammad following flight from mecca | 11 | |
| 15222117 | khadijah | first wife of the prophet muhammad | 12 | |
| 15222118 | ali | cousin and son-in-law of muhammad; orthodox catholic | 13 | |
| 15222119 | umma | community of the faithful within islam | 14 | |
| 15222120 | zakat | tax for charity; obligatory for all muslims | 15 | |
| 15222121 | five pillars | the obligatory religious duties of all muslims | 16 | |
| 15222122 | ramadan | islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn til sunset | 17 | |
| 15222123 | hajj | pilgrimage to the holy city of mecca to work at the ka'ba | 18 | |
| 15222124 | caliph | the political and religious successor to muhammad | 19 | |
| 15222125 | abu bakr | one of muhammad's earliest converts; first caliph of islamic community | 20 | |
| 15222126 | ridda wars | wars that followed muhammad's death; resulted in the defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of islam | 21 | |
| 15222127 | jihad | islamic holy war | 22 | |
| 15222128 | copts | christian sects of egypt | 23 | |
| 15222129 | nestorians | a christian sect found in asia | 24 | |
| 15222130 | uthman | third caliph and member of the umayyad clan | 25 | |
| 15222131 | battle of siffin | fought in 657 between forces of ali and umayyads | 26 | |
| 15222132 | mu'awiya | leader of umayyad clan | 27 | |
| 15222133 | sunnis | followers of the umayyads | 28 | |
| 15222134 | shi'a | followers of the ali | 29 | |
| 15222135 | karbala | site of defeat and death of husayn, son of ali; marked beginning of shi'a resistance to umayyad caliphate | 30 | |
| 15222136 | damascus | syrian city that was the capital of the umayyad caliphate | 31 | |
| 15222137 | mawali | non-arab converts to islam | 32 | |
| 15222138 | jizya | head tax paid by all non-believers in islamic territories | 33 | |
| 15222139 | dhimmi | jews, christians, zoroastrians, and hindus living in islamic territories | 34 | |
| 15222140 | hadiths | traditions of the prophet muhammad | 35 | |
| 15222141 | abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the ummayyads as caliphs within islam | 36 | |
| 15222142 | battle on the river zab | victory of abbasids over umayyads; resulted in capture of syria | 37 | |
| 15222143 | baghdad | capital of abbasid dynasty | 38 | |
| 15222144 | wazir | chief and administrative official under abbasid caliphate | 39 | |
| 15222145 | dhows | arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced by european ship design | 40 | |
| 15222146 | ayan | the wealthy landed elite that emerged the early decades of abbasid rule | 41 | |
| 15222147 | al-mahdi | third of the abbasid caliph; attempted but failed to reconcile the moderate shi'a to abbasid dynasty | 42 | |
| 15231813 | harun al-rashid | abbasid caliph renowned for costly living; death led to civil wars over succession. | 43 | |
| 15231814 | buyids | regional splinter dynasty of mid-10th century; invaded and captured baghdad and ruled abbasid empire under name of sultan | 44 | |
| 15231815 | seljuk turks | nomadic invaders from central asia; staunch sunnis | 45 | |
| 15231816 | crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by western christians to free holy land from muslims | 46 | |
| 15231817 | saladin | muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century | 47 | |
| 15231818 | ottoman empire | turkic empire established in asia minor and eventually extending throughout middle east | 48 | |
| 15231819 | shah-nama | written by firdawsi; relates history of persia to islamic conquests | 49 | |
| 15231820 | ulama | orthodox religious scholars within islam | 50 | |
| 15231821 | al-ghazali | islamic theologian who tried but failed to fuse greek and qur'anic traditions | 51 | |
| 15231822 | mongols | central asian nomadic peoples; killed last abbasid caliph | 52 | |
| 15231823 | chinggis khan | mongol khagan responsible fir conquests of northern china and territories as far west as the abbasid empire | 53 | |
| 15231824 | hulegu | ruler of the ilkan khanate; grandson of chinggis khan; captured and destroyed baghdad | 54 | |
| 15231825 | mamluks | muslim slave warriors; defeated mongols and halted their advances | 55 | |
| 15231826 | muhammad ibn qasim | arab general; conquered sind in india; declared sind and indus valley part of the umayyad empire | 56 | |
| 15231827 | mahmud of ghazni | third ruler of the turkish slave dynasty; gave muslims a reputation for intolerance and aggression | 57 | |
| 15231828 | muhammad of ghur | military commander of persian extraction; began attempt to establish muslim control of india | 58 | |
| 15231829 | qutb-ud-din aibak | lieutenant of muhammad of ghur; established kingdom in india with capital at new delhi; proclaimed himself sultan of india | 59 | |
| 15231830 | bhaktic cults | hindu groups dedicated to gods/goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god/goddess who was the object of their veneration | 60 | |
| 15231831 | mira bai | hindu religious poet; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women | 61 | |
| 15231832 | kabir | muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between hinduism and islam | 62 | |
| 15231833 | shrivijaya | trading empire between malaya and sumatra; buddhist government; its fall opened up southeaster asia to islam | 63 | |
| 15231834 | malacca | portuguese factory that was a center for trade among southeastern asian islands | 64 | |
| 15231835 | demak | most powerful trading state on north coast of java; converted to islam and served as point of dissemination to other parts of asia | 65 | |
| 15231836 | ifriqiya | the arabic term for eastern north africa | 66 | |
| 15231837 | maghrib | the arabic term for western north africa | 67 | |
| 15231838 | almoravids | puritanical reformist movement among islamic berber tribes of northern africa | 68 | |
| 15231839 | almohadis | reformist movement among islamic berbers of northern africa; penetrated sub-saharan africa | 69 | |
| 15231840 | sahel | extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the sahara | 70 | |
| 15231841 | sudanic states | kingdoms that developed during the height of ghana's power in the region; included mali and songhai | 71 | |
| 15231842 | juula | malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout the mali empire | 72 | |
| 15231843 | sundiata | a member of the keita clan; created an unified state that became the mali empire | 73 | |
| 15231844 | ibn batuta | arabic traveler who described african societies and cultures in his travel records | 74 | |
| 15231845 | timbuktu | port city of mali; contained a library and a university | 75 | |
| 15231846 | songhai | successor state to mali; independent kingdom under a berber dynasty; capital at gao | 76 | |
| 15231847 | muhammad the great | extended the boundaries of the songhai empire | 77 | |
| 15231848 | hausa | people of northern nigeria who formed states after the fall of songhai that combined islamic and pagan traditions | 78 | |
| 15233732 | sharia | islamic law | 79 | |
| 15233733 | nok | culture featuring highly developed art style in forests of central nigeria | 80 | |
| 15233734 | yoruba | city-states in northern nigeria featured artistic style; agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy | 81 | |
| 15233735 | benin | powerful city-state in present-day nigeria and remained relatively free of european influence | 82 | |
| 15233736 | kongo | agricultural kingdom on lower congo river; capital mbanza kongo and ruled by hereditary monarchy | 83 | |
| 15233737 | great zimbabwe | bantu confederation of shona-speaking peoples located between zambezi and limpopo rivers | 84 | |
| 15233738 | hagia sofia | new church constructed in constantinople during reign of justinian | 85 | |
| 15233739 | belisarius | one of justinian's most important military commanders during the reconquest of western europe | 86 | |
| 15233740 | greek fire | byzantine weapon used to drive back arab fleets that attacked constantinople | 87 | |
| 15233741 | bulgaria | slavic kingdom established in northern portions of balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on byzantine empire | 88 | |
| 15233742 | iconoclasm | religious controversy within the byzantine empire; emperor attempted to suppress veneration icons | 89 | |
| 15233743 | cyril | missionary from byzantine empire who converted southern russia and balkanst to orthodox christianity; cyrillic script | 90 | |
| 15233744 | methodius | along with cyril converted southern russia and balkanst to orthodox christianity; cyrillic script | 91 | |
| 15233745 | kiev | trade city for southern russia established by scandinavian traders | 92 | |
| 15233746 | rurik | scandinavian regarded as founder of first kingdom of russia in kiev | 93 | |
| 15233747 | vladimir I | ruler of russian kingdom of kiev who converted it to christianity | 94 | |
| 15233748 | russian orthodoxy | russian form of christianity imported from byzantine empire | 95 | |
| 15233749 | yaroslav | last of kievan monarchs who issued legal codification based on codes from byzantine empire | 96 | |
| 15233750 | boyars | russian aristocrats | 97 | |
| 15233751 | tatars | mongols who captured russian cities and largely destroyed kievan state | 98 | |
| 15233752 | middle ages | the period of western europe from the decline and fall of the roman empire until the 15th century | 99 | |
| 15233753 | vikings | seagoing scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of western europe | 100 | |
| 15233754 | manorialism | system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the middle ages | 101 | |
| 15233755 | serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the middle ages | 102 | |
| 15233756 | three-field system | system of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in western europe | 103 | |
| 15233757 | moldboard | heavy plow introduced in northern europe during the middle ages | 104 | |
| 15233758 | clovis | early frankish king who converted the franks to christianity | 105 | |
| 15233759 | carolingians | royal house of franks | 106 | |
| 15233760 | charles martel | carolingian monarch of franks who defeated muslims in battle of tours and ended muslim threat to western europe | 107 | |
| 15233761 | charlemagne | carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in france and germany | 108 | |
| 15233762 | holy roman emperors | emperors in northern italy and germany following the split of charlemagne's empire | 109 | |
| 15233763 | feudalism | social organization created by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service | 110 | |
| 15233764 | vassals | members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty | 111 | |
| 15233765 | william conqueror | invaded england from normandy; extended feudalism to england; established centralized monarchy | 112 | |
| 15233766 | magna carta | great charter issued by king john that confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims | 113 | |
| 15233767 | parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups | 114 | |
| 15233768 | key three estates | church, nobles, and urban leaders | 115 | |
| 15233769 | hundred years' war | conflict between england and france over lands england possessed in france | 116 | |
| 15233770 | urban II | called the first crusade in 1095 | 117 | |
| 15233771 | gregory VII | pope who attempted to free church from interference of feudal lords | 118 | |
| 15233772 | investiture | practice if state appointment of bishops | 119 | |
| 15233773 | peter abelard | university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology | 120 | |
| 15233774 | bernard of clairveaux | emphasized role of faith in preference to logic | 121 | |
| 15233775 | thomas aquinas | creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning | 122 | |
| 15233776 | scholasticism | use of logic to solve theological problems | 123 | |
| 15233777 | gothic | architectural style during western europe that featured pointed arches and flying buttresses | 124 | |
| 15233778 | hanseatic league | an organization of cities in northern germany and southern scandinavia to create a commercial alliance | 125 | |
| 15233779 | guilds | sworn associations of people of the same business or trade in a single city | 126 | |
| 15233780 | black death | plague that struck europe during the dark ages that significantly reduced its population and affected its social structure | 127 |
