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| 1907275105 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests, he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival. | 0 | |
| 1907282942 | Medieval | Literally "Middle Age", a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman Antiquity and the Renaissance. | 1 | |
| 1907295045 | Byzantine Empire | Historians name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the 4th century onward, taken from "Byzantium", an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. | 2 | |
| 1907304393 | Byzantine Religion | The Byzantine empire experienced a schism between the Latin Church and the Orthodox Church--a break that has only partially mended | 3 | |
| 1907308779 | Orthodox Church | Church founded by Jesus Christ and described throughout the New Testament. All other Christian Churches and sects can be traced back historically to it. | 4 | |
| 1907310851 | Constantinople | City in which the religious schism took place | 5 | |
| 1907323056 | 1054 | When the religious schism between the Orthodox Church and the Latin Church happened | 6 | |
| 1907333572 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527-565 & had the bubonic plague named after him. ("The plague of Justinian"). | 7 | |
| 1907338906 | Women in Byzantine Empire | Had less rights & could only speak to men of the family; often wore veils over their faces when in public. | 8 | |
| 1907353597 | Economy of Byzantine Empire | Inclination of set prices, organize grain shipments to the capital, and monopolize trade in luxury goods like Tyrian Purple Cloth | 9 | |
| 1907356008 | Corpus Juris Civilis | Added a 3rd tradition in Roman law | 10 | |
| 1907359309 | Hagia Sophia | "Sacred wisdom" // Cathedral in Constantinople | 11 | |
| 1907378905 | Cyril and Methodius | 9th century// brothers//went on a successful mission to the Slavs of Moravia & preached to them & perfected a writing system called (Cyrillic)// Slavic Christians | 12 | |
| 1907384273 | Treaty of Verdun | Split the empire into 3 parts: West (France), Middle (Burgundy), and East (Germany) | 13 | |
| 1907405055 | Vikings | Warriors descending from multi-oared, dragon-prowed boats to pillage monasteries, villages, and towns. Sought booty & slaves | 14 | |
| 1907420243 | Normans in 1066 | (NW) France: organized the most important and ambitious expeditions in terms of numbers of men & horses and long-lasting impact | 15 | |
| 1907448713 | Medieval diet | -Beer -Lard or Butter -Bread made from barley, rye, or wheat -All supplemented by game & pork from herds and swine fed on forest acorns and beech nuts | 16 | |
| 1907459167 | Manor | In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant villages, and surrounding land. | 17 | |
| 1907477144 | Serfs | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord | 18 | |
| 1907484694 | Feudalism | Land awarded for military service (from Latin word fuedom) | 19 | |
| 1907498924 | Vassals | It became common to refer to medieval Europe as a "feudal society" in which kings and rulers would give land to "vassals" in return for being sworn to military support. **Sworn supporter to king** | 20 | |
| 1907501549 | Impact of Armored Knights | Increase of these Knights, entailed a greater financial outlay | 21 | |
| 1907504707 | Fief | In Medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath o provide specified military service | 22 | |
| 1907506300 | Women in Medieval Period | Were heiress' or candidates for marriage | 23 | |
| 1907517315 | Bayeaux Tapestry | A piece of embroidery 230 ft. Long & 20 inches wide depicting William the Conqueror's invasion of England | 24 | |
| 1907519489 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head | 25 | |
| 1907519554 | Nepotism | Giving preferment to one's close kin (favoring) | 26 | |
| 1907528149 | Simony | Selling ecclesiastical appointments, often to people not of the clergy | 27 | |
| 1907534636 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by and emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806 | 28 | |
| 1907538900 | Canon Law | Law of the Church. Gave the pope exclusive legal jurisdiction over all clergy and church property wherever located. | 29 | |
| 1907543089 | Investure Controversy | Dispute between the pope and the holy Roman emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 30 | |
| 1907553724 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty | 31 | |
| 1907563689 | Rule of Benedict | Wrote to govern monks' behavior of envisioning a balanced life of devotion and work, along with obligations of celibacy, poverty, and obedience of the abbot | 32 | |
| 1907566395 | Cluny | Reform movement centered on the Benedictine abbey of Cluny in (E) France | 33 | |
| 1907569062 | Varangian Traders | Sailed across the Baltic & down Russia's rivers | 34 | |
| 1907570743 | Druzhina | Military retainers | 35 | |
| 1907573002 | Kiev | City in Russia; taken over by the Varangians around 880 | 36 | |
| 1907573939 | Metropolitan | Chief Bishop | 37 | |
| 1907576274 | Slash and Burn farming | They would burn parts of the forest, farm there, and then shift around | 38 | |
| 1907579448 | Horse collar and plow | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders | 39 | |
| 1907582442 | Venice | Self sufficient city that boosted the economy in (W) Europe | 40 | |
| 1907583752 | Flanders | Just as Venice, self sufficient city that boosted the economy in (W) Europe | 41 | |
| 1907584439 | Venice and Flanders | They boosted West Europe's economy | 42 | |
| 1907592377 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Brought an end to Europe's centuries of intellectual isolation. | 43 | |
| 1907592944 | Crusades | Cross | 44 | |
| 1907597559 | Pilgrimages | Journey to sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for gins | 45 | |
| 1907601458 | First Crusade | Holy war against Muslims// had crosses stitched to shirts// as a pilgrimage | 46 | |
| 1907601774 | Fourth Crusade | Sacked Constantinople to pay for the pilgrimage to Jerusalem | 47 | |
| 1907605253 | Courtly Love | Idealization of feminine beauty and grace that influenced later European ideas for Romance | 48 |
