Created from The Modern World study guide for Collins's WHAP class. Covers pre WWI, causes/effects of the world wars, revolutions, lots of decolonization, and the Cold War.
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| 362456034 | Faisel | Faisal I and II, kings of Iraq. Under Faisal I Iraq became independent in 1932, Faisal II was assassinated in a military coup that formed a republic in 1958 | 0 | |
| 362456035 | Bolsheviks | majority faction of Russian Social Democratic Party, renamed the Communist Party after October Revolution of 1917 | 1 | |
| 362456036 | League of Nations | association of countries est. 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to promote international cooperation and international peace and security. It was powerless to stop Italian, German, and Japanese expansionism leading up to WWII, and was replaced by the UN in 1945 | 2 | |
| 362456037 | Sun Yat-sen | Father of modern China, a Chinese statesman who was the provisional president of the Republic of China 1911-1912 and president of the Southern Chinese Republic 1923-25. He organized the Kuomintang force and established a secessionist government in Guangzhou | 3 | |
| 362456038 | Max Planck | German physicist who explained blackbody radiation in context of quantized energy emissions, which initiated quantum theory | 4 | |
| 362456039 | Theodore Herzl | leader of the Zionist movement | 5 | |
| 362456040 | Lenin | a Soviet statesman, he was the general secretary of the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union 1922-1953. He launched series of five-year plans in 1928 to rapidly industrialize Russia, while enforcing the collectivization of agriculture. His purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930's were ruthless | 6 | |
| 362456041 | Treaty of Versailles | treaty signed after WWI in the French Versailles Palace. Basically, it took away German territory, crippled it's military, and decided Germany should pay for the war (in other words, the treaty screwed Germany to the wall) | 7 | |
| 362456042 | Kuomintang | nationalist party founded in China under Sun Yat-sen in 1912, led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1925. Held power from 1928 until the Communist Party took power in October 1949; thereafter it formed the central administration of Taiwan | 8 | |
| 362456043 | causes of WWI | imperialism (territory expansion), alliances, nationalism (made nations eager to prove themselves) | 9 | |
| 362456044 | Balfour Declaration | British declaration made in 1926 by Prime Minister Balfour after the Imperial Conference of the British Empire of the same year, promising to create a Jewish homeland | 10 | |
| 362456045 | Revolutions of 1917 | starting with mass demonstrations in response to low food, Russia's double revolution initially saw the tsar abdicate in February, followed by confused struggles between the Social Revolutionaries and the Bolsheviks. This ended in October with the second revolution, as the Bolsheviks took control of Petrograd and the peasants | 11 | |
| 362456046 | New Economic Policy | Lenin's "state capitalism" policy, allowing some private businesses to exist, in an attempt to keep Russia's economy from collapsing, and was replaced by Stalin's First Five-Year Plan in 1928 | 12 | |
| 362456047 | Mandate System | provision in the Treaty of Versailles that made Germany's colonies mandates of the League of Nations. They were delegated to France, Japan, and Britain, effectively becoming colonies of these nations | 13 | |
| 362456048 | results of WWI | Germany was weakened and angry, colonies switched control. Germany's position lead to WWII and the colonial situation lead to many revolutions | 14 | |
| 362456049 | Stalin | a Soviet statesman, he was the general secretary of the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union 1922-1953. He launched series of five-year plans in 1928 to rapidly industrialize Russia, while enforcing the collectivization of agriculture. His purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930's were ruthless | 15 | |
| 362456050 | fascist | a group adhering to the political theory advocating authoritarian hierarchical government | 16 | |
| 362456051 | Chiang Kai-shek | Chinese statesman and general; president of China 1928-1931 and 1943-1949 and of Taiwan 1950-1975. Tried to unite China by military means in the 1930's but was defeated by the Communists. Forced to abandon mainland China in 1949, set up separate Nationalist Chinese State in Taiwan | 17 | |
| 362456052 | Battle of El Alamein | aggressive battle in WWII resulting in a decisive Allied victory by British troops over German | 18 | |
| 362456053 | Hiroshima | port city in Japan, which became on August 6, 1945 the first populated area to meet atomic bombs; it was almost completely destroyed | 19 | |
| 362456054 | Five Year Plan | Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWII, which included massive industrialization and farm collectivization, where peasants lived collectively on government owned farms. It often resulted in widespread famine as many peasants restricted this policy. Similar policies of the same name were also introduced in China | 20 | |
| 362456055 | Hitler | Austrian born German leader, chancellor of Germany 1933-1945. Cofounded the National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) Party in 1919 and came to prominence through his powers of oratory. Wrote Mein Kampf (1925), an exposition of his political ideas, while in prison. Established the totalitarian Third Reich in 1933, with an expansionist foreign policy leading to WWII and fanatical anti-Semitism leading to the Holocaust | 21 | |
| 362456056 | Mao Zedong | Chinese statesman and chairman of the Communist Party of the PRC 1949-1976, he was head of state 1949-1959. Cofounder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and its effective leader from the time of the Long March (1934-1935), he eventually defeated both the occupying Japanese and the rival Kuomintang nationalist forces to create the PRC in 1949 | 22 | |
| 362456057 | Auschwitz | Nazi concentration camp in WWII near the town of Oswiecim, Poland | 23 | |
| 362456058 | Sino-Japanese War | war fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory, but frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from the Liaotung peninsula | 24 | |
| 362456059 | Mussolini | an Italian statesman, prime minister 1922-1943. Known as IL Duce, or the Leader. Founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919, annexed Abyssinia in 1936, and entered WWII on Germany's side in 1940. He was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans a few weeks before the end of the war | 25 | |
| 362456060 | Nazi | the National Socialist German Workers' Party, cofounded and lead by Hitler, which advocated authoritarian government and was strongly anti-Semitic and pro-German | 26 | |
| 362456061 | Long March | withdrawal of Chinese communists from SE to NW China in 1934-1935 over a distance of 6000 miles. 100,000 people, led by Mao Zedong, left the communist rural base after it was almost destroyed by the Kuomintang; 20,000 people survived the journey | 27 | |
| 362456062 | Holocaust | mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime during the period of 1941-1945. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps | 28 | |
| 362456063 | Manchurian Issue | after a Japanese railroad was vandalized in Manchuria, the Japanese Army invaded and took control of Manchuria. China refused to fire back on Japanese troops because it was trying to stamp out communism, so it appealed to the League of Nations for help. They passed a resolution ordering Japan out of Manchuria, which Japan ignored. It then proceeded to attack Shanghai. These events also prompted Japan to leave the League of Nations | 29 | |
| 362456064 | Blaise Diagne | Senegalese political leader, the first black African elected to the French National Assembly, and mayor of Dakar | 30 | |
| 362456065 | Indian National Congress | Nationalistic organization in India with the purpose of ending British control. Prominent members include Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru | 31 | |
| 362456066 | Nehru | Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; was the first prime minister of the Republic of India from 1947 to 1964 (1889-1964) | 32 | |
| 362456067 | Getulio Vargas | served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the most for any President, and second in Brazilian history only to Emperor Pedro II among heads of government. He favored nationalism, industrialization, centralization, social welfare and populism - for the latter, Vargas won the nickname "O Pai dos Pobres" (Portuguese for "The Father of the Poor"). Despite his promotion of workers' rights, Vargas was a staunch anti-communist | 33 | |
| 362456068 | African National Congress | South African political party and black nationalist organization. Having been banned by the South African government 1960-90, the ANC was victorious in the country's first democratic elections in 1994 and its leader, Nelson Mandela, became the country's president | 34 | |
| 362456069 | All Indian Muslim League | Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress | 35 | |
| 362456070 | Zapata | (1879-1919), Mexican revolutionary. He attempted to implement his program of agrarian reform by means of guerrilla warfare. From 1914, he and Pancho Villa fought against the regimes of General Huerta and Venustiano Carranza | 36 | |
| 362456071 | import-substitution industrialization | trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production | 37 | |
| 362456072 | Haile Selassie | emperor of Ethiopia 1930-74; born Tafari Makonnen. In exile in Britain during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia 1936-41, he was restored to the throne by the Allies and ruled until he was deposed by a military coup | 38 | |
| 362456073 | Gandhi | pursued a policy of nonviolent civil disobedience. Although he never held government office, he was regarded as the country's supreme political and spiritual leader. Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu following his agreement to the creation of the state of Pakistan | 39 | |
| 362456074 | Pancho Villa | José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (5 June 1878 - 20 July 1923), better known by his pseudonym Francisco Villa or its hypocorism Pancho Villa, was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals | 40 | |
| 362456075 | Juan & Eva Peron | Juan was an Argentine general and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina, after serving in several government positions, including the Secretary of Labor and the Vice Presidency. He was overthrown in a military coup in 1955. Eva was the second wife of President Juan Perón (1895-1974) and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952 | 41 | |
| 362456076 | third world | developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America not included in America's or Russia's circle of influence | 42 | |
| 362456077 | non-aligned nations | nations belonging to the Non-Aligned Movement, considering themselves not aligned formally with or against any major power bloc. The movement was founded in response to the Cold War | 43 | |
| 362456078 | Korean War | war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) | 44 | |
| 362456079 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization: an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security | 45 | |
| 362456080 | Helsinki Accords | The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, known as the Helsinki Final Act, Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration, was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland during July and August of 1975 | 46 | |
| 362456081 | Truman Doctrine | US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War | 47 | |
| 362456082 | dirty war | an offensive conducted by secret police or the military of a regime against revolutionary and terrorist insurgents and marked by the use of kidnapping and torture and murder with civilians often being the victims | 48 | |
| 362456083 | Perestroika | an economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union; intended to increase automation and labor efficiency but it led eventually to the end of central planning in the Russian economy | 49 | |
| 362456084 | Iranian Revolution | events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy (Pahlavi dynasty) under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution | 50 | |
| 362456085 | genocide | killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation | 51 | |
| 362456086 | Cold War | the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and propaganda campaigns between two camps, the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and United States and its allies | 52 | |
| 362456087 | United Nations | an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security | 53 | |
| 362456088 | Vietnam War | a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States | 54 | |
| 362456089 | Warsaw Pact | A treaty of mutual defense and military aid signed at Warsaw on May 14, 1955, by communist states of Europe under Soviet influence, in response to the admission of West Germany to NATO. The pact was dissolved in 1991 | 55 | |
| 362456090 | Marshall Plan | A program of financial aid and other initiatives, sponsored by the US, designed to boost the economies of western European countries after World War II. It was originally advocated by Secretary of State George C. Marshall and passed by Congress in 1948 | 56 | |
| 362456091 | Proxy Wars | a war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. While powers have sometimes used or other third parties are more often employed. It is hoped that these groups can strike an opponent without leading to full-scale war | 57 | |
| 362456092 | Sandinistas | Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990 | 58 | |
| 362456093 | Solidarity | An independent trade union movement in Poland that developed into a mass campaign for political change and inspired popular opposition to communist regimes across eastern Europe during the 1980s | 59 | |
| 362456094 | PLO | a political movement uniting Palestinian Arabs in an effort to create an independent state of Palestine; when formed in 1964 it was a terrorist organization dominated by Yasser Arafat's al-Fatah; in 1968 Arafat became chairman; received recognition by the United Nations and by Arab states in 1974 as a government in exile; has played a largely political role since the creation of the Palestine National Authority | 60 | |
| 362456095 | martyr | Someone who dies for a cause, thus inspiring further movement | 61 | |
| 362456096 | Iron Curtain | The notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989 | 62 | |
| 362456097 | World Bank | Gives small loans to people in developing countries to help them out of poverty and give them access to outside world | 63 | |
| 362456098 | Cuban Missile Crisis | After the US placed missiles in Turkey facing Russia, Russia placed missiles facing the US in Cuba. War all but broke out before a last minute agreement was made, in which both sides agreed to remove their weapons | 64 | |
| 362456099 | Cultural Revolution | after the failure of Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, Mao tried to restore his standing by appealing to the proletarians. This lead to massive purges of all things feudal and bourgeoisie, along with thousands of political opponents and intellectuals who were arrested, brutalized, tortured, detained, or murdered | 65 | |
| 362456100 | OPEC | Organization of petroleum exporting countries. Influences price of oil. 79% of crude oil | 66 | |
| 362456101 | Salvador Allende | considered the first democratically elected Marxist who became president of Chile. In 1970 the CIA actively tried to get him out of office; Chile had rising inflation and poor economy under him. A military coup removed him from power | 67 | |
| 362456102 | Tiananmen Square | a large square city, Beijing china. Location of May 4th movement in 1919. Proclamation of Peoples republic of China by Mao Zedong 1949. Annual mass military displays until 1959. Tiananmen square protests in 1979, also 1989 | 68 | |
| 362456103 | Malthus | in 1789 said population was kept in check by famine or disease, theorized that the world would eventually run out of enough food to feed the population | 69 | |
| 362456104 | IRA | formed in 1969, Irish Republican Army was devoted to unifying Ireland and pushing British forces out. In 1997 they agreed to the 1998 Belfast Agreement which spread peace over Northern Ireland; this suppression caused the splintering of two more radical groups: the (real) RIRA and the (continuing) CIRA. The IRA is sometimes known as PIRA to distinguish, and they now work under the nation's "real" army | 70 |
