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| 11346887657 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. |  | 0 |
| 11346887659 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians. |  | 1 |
| 11346887660 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. |  | 2 |
| 11346887661 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). |  | 3 |
| 11346887662 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. |  | 4 |
| 11346887663 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. |  | 5 |
| 11346887664 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. |  | 6 |
| 11346887665 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). |  | 7 |
| 11346887666 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years. |  | 8 |
| 11346887667 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. |  | 9 |
| 11346887668 | Herodotus | Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E. | 10 | |
| 11346887670 | Ionia | The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire. |  | 11 |
| 11346887671 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. |  | 12 |
| 11346887672 | Battle of Marathon | Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E. | 13 | |
| 11346887673 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 14 | |
| 11346887674 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | 15 | |
| 11346887675 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. |  | 16 |
| 11346887677 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. |  | 17 |
| 11346887678 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | 18 | |
| 11346887679 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | 19 | |
| 11346887681 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period- used legalism. |  | 20 |
| 11346887682 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 21 | |
| 11346887683 | Solon | Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy. | 22 | |
| 11346887684 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | 23 | |
| 11346887685 | Xiongnu | Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state. | 24 | |
| 11346887686 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 25 | |
| 11346887692 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 26 | |
| 11346887693 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | 27 | |
| 11346887694 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. |  | 28 |
| 11346887696 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 29 | |
| 11346887697 | Filial piety | respect shown by children for their parents and elders | 30 | |
| 11346887698 | Greek rationalism | A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms. | 31 | |
| 11346887699 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 32 | |
| 11346887701 | Jesus of Nazareth | The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.). | 33 | |
| 11346887702 | Yahweh | A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice. | 34 | |
| 11346887703 | Karma | In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence. |  | 35 |
| 11346887704 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism. | 36 | |
| 11346887705 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 37 | |
| 11346887709 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. | 38 | |
| 11346887711 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 39 | |
| 11346887712 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 40 | |
| 11346887716 | Warring States Period | Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos. | 41 | |
| 11346887717 | Yin and Yang | Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites. | 42 | |
| 11346887718 | Zarathustra | A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism. | 43 | |
| 11346887719 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 44 | |
| 11346887721 | dharma | In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste. | 45 | |
| 11346887722 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 46 | |
| 11346887725 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | 47 | |
| 11346887735 | syncretism | a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith | 48 | |
| 11346887737 | Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah | 49 | |
| 11346887739 | Christianity | the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, originated as an offshoot from Judaism | 50 | |
| 11346887740 | Ancestor Veneration | Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors | 51 | |
| 11346887741 | Empire | a major political unit having a territory of great extent - OR - a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority | 52 | |
| 11346887742 | Darius | The third king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. | 53 | |
| 11346887743 | Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia | 54 | |
| 11346887744 | Chandragupta Maurya | founder of Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent | 55 | |
| 11346887746 | Seleucids | They controlled Persia after the death of Alexander. Their king was one of Alexander's generals. | 56 | |
| 11346887747 | Parthians | Persian dynasty that overthrew the Seleucids | 57 | |
| 11346887748 | Sasanids | Persian dynasty that overthrew the Parthians | 58 | |
| 11346887750 | Dharma | Meeting Hindu class obligations | 59 | |
| 11346887751 | Buddhism | the teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | 60 | |
| 11346887752 | Kushans | Dynasty that succeeded the Mauryas in northwestern India; sponsors of Buddhism; empire did not extend to Ganges River valley., came into central India from northwest; greatest king: Kanishka, converted to Buddhism but hurt religions population; | 61 | |
| 11346887755 | Han Dynasty | 202 BCE-220 CE Followed that Qin dynasty, based on Confucianism | 62 | |
| 11346887759 | Etuscans | An empire that rome gets a lot of traits from; Rome took over them. | 63 | |
| 11346887760 | The Roman Republic | Early Roman society; based on the Senate as a republican government with the leadership of consuls or later the triumvirate; falls during civil war following the death of Julius Caesar and rise of Augustus as an emperor | 64 | |
| 11346887761 | The Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 65 | |
| 11346887762 | Carthage | An ancient city on the north coast of Africa | 66 | |
| 11346887763 | Caesar | an ancient Roman emperor; stabbed to death in the senate, marking the beginning of the roman empire | 67 | |
| 11346887764 | The Roman Empire | an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire | 68 | |
| 11346887765 | Minoans | Society that inhabited Crete- fell to the myceneans Significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to poleis | 69 | |
| 11346887766 | Mycenaeans | Greek civilization created by Indo- Europeans that lasted from 1600- 1100 BCE, earthquakes and invaders caused it to finally collapse Significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to the poleis | 70 | |
| 11346887767 | Sparta | Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military | 71 | |
| 11346887768 | Athens | A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements | 72 | |
| 11346887769 | The Persian Wars | A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious. | 73 | |
| 11346887770 | The Delian League | an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians | 74 | |
| 11346887771 | The Peloponesian Wars | Civil wars between athens and sparta | 75 | |
| 11346887772 | Phillip of Macedon | King of Macedon who defeated a combined army of Thebes and Athens to become the ruler of the Greek city-states | 76 | |
| 11346887773 | The Hellenistic Age | The age of Alexander and his successors | 77 | |
| 11346887774 | Antagonid, Ptolemaic, Seleucid | The three states created from the remains of Alexander's empire | 78 | |
| 11346887775 | Epicureans | Believed pleasure was the greatest good | 79 | |
| 11346887776 | Skeptics | Followers wouldn't take strong positions on issues because they doubted the possibility of certain knowledge | 80 | |
| 11346887777 | Stoics | Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery | 81 | |
| 11346887778 | Religions of Salvation | Mystery religions promised eternal bliss for believers some faiths spread across the trade routes many involved the worship of a savior whose death and resurrection would lead to eternal salvation speculation about a single, universal god emerged | 82 | |
| 11346887779 | Nero | First Roman emperor to persecute Christians | 83 | |
| 11346887780 | Trajan | Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent | 84 | |
| 11346887781 | Diocletian | Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section | 85 | |
| 11346887782 | Edict of Milan | 313 CE Constantine makes Christianity the primary religion of the Roman Empire | 86 | |
| 11346887783 | Constantinism | Integration of church and state | 87 | |
| 11346887784 | Council of Nicaea | (325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time | 88 | |
| 11346887785 | Theodosius the Great | Roman emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire | 89 | |
| 11346887786 | Fall of the Roman Empire | The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture. | 90 | |
| 11346887787 | Byzantine Empire | Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half | 91 | |
| 11346887788 | Socratic Method | Philosophical method of questioning to gain truth | 92 | |
| 11346887789 | The Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea; linking China with the Roman Empire | 93 | |
| 11346887790 | Manichaeism | Religion founded by the prophet Mani in the third century C.E., a syncretic version of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements. | 94 | |
| 11379482826 | Ascetic | One who leads a life of self-denial and contemplation; absent of luxury | 95 | |
| 11379482827 | Bodhisattva | a person who has attained enlightenment but who has postponed nirvana in order to help others achieve enlightenment | 96 | |
| 11379482828 | Chattel Slavery | Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person. | 97 | |
| 11379482829 | Cosmology | the understanding of the nature of the universe | 98 | |
| 11379482830 | Dhamma | the teachings of the Buddha | 99 | |
| 11379482831 | Homer | A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey | 100 | |
| 11379482832 | Hellenism | the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization | 101 | |
| 11379482833 | Jainism | A religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics. | 102 | |
| 11379482834 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service. | 103 | |
| 11379482835 | Mahabharata | a great Indian epic poem, reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India | 104 | |
| 11379482836 | Mahayana Buddhism | Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment. | 105 | |
| 11379482837 | Millenarian Movement | The belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society, after which all things will be changed. | 106 | |
| 11379482838 | Oligarchy | A government ruled by a few powerful people | 107 | |
| 11379482839 | Pax Sinica | China's "golden age"; a period of relative peace and advancement | 108 | |
| 11379482840 | Royal Road | A road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia. | 109 | |
| 11379482841 | Satraps | a provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire. | 110 | |
| 11379482842 | Shamans | Religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, communicated with the gods and nature spirits, invoked divine aid on behalf of their communities, and informed their companions of their gods' will. | 111 | |
| 11379482843 | Stupa | a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine. | 112 | |
| 11379482844 | Syncretism | The unification or blending of opposing people, ideas, or practices, frequently in the realm of religion. For example, when Christianity was adopted by people in a new land, they often incorporate it into their existing culture and traditions. | 113 | |
| 11379482845 | Upanishads | A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. | 114 | |
| 11379482846 | White Huns | nomadic invaders from central Asia; invaded India; disrupted Gupta administration | 115 | |
| 11379482847 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony. | 116 |
