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| 8167338214 | Constantinople | capital of the Roman (Byzantium) Empire | 0 | |
| 8167345668 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D, initiated an ambitious building program/architecture (including the creation of Hagia Sophia) issued most famous compilation of Roman Law, tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire | 1 | |
| 8167345669 | Theodora | the wife of Justinian I, one of the most influential and powerful of the Byzantine empresses (an adviser), improved status of women | 2 | |
| 8167345670 | Hagia Sophia | Most famous example of Byzantine architecture (was a Greek Orthodox Christian church, then a mosque, now a museum), built under Justinian I, considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world | 3 | |
| 8167347422 | Plague of Justinian | A devastating pandemic (bubonic plague in 541 CE) resulted in the deaths of 25 million worldwide and killed 40% of Constantinople | 4 | |
| 8167348696 | Justinian's Code | a collection of fundamental laws that consisted of four parts and also set the standard for the U.S. government. Part 1: 'The Code' -Priors laws of Greek and Ancient Roman times Part 2: 'The Digest' -Summary of philosophers opinions on different laws Part 3: 'The Institute' -Legal text on how to practice law Part 4: 'The Novels' -Collection of laws established by J. | 5 | |
| 8167348697 | Cyril & Methodius | Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and the Balkans; responsible for creating the Slavic written script called Cyrillic | 6 | |
| 8167349729 | Eastern Orthodox | second largest Christian Church, the Byzantine Empire one of the oldest religious institutions in the world. Says that Jesus established the church and that its Bishops are successors of Christ's apostles. | 7 | |
| 8167349730 | Patriarch | The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy (the Catholic church), powerful officials, treated church as a department of state originally it was a man who exercised autocratic authority over a family | 8 | |
| 8167557456 | Bedouins | a group of nomadic Arab pastorals who inhabited the Arabian peninsula, camel and goat nomadism, early converts to Islam, tribes and clans | 9 | |
| 8167557457 | Muhammad | the prophet and founder of Islam | 10 | |
| 8167559590 | Khadijah | first wife of Muhammad and follower, a prosperous merchant | 11 | |
| 8167559591 | Ka'aba | a building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque (Al-Masjid Al-Haram or the Great Mosque of Mecca), believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth | 12 | |
| 8167560786 | Hijra | the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution, regarded as the beginning of the Muslim era | 13 | |
| 8167560858 | Ummah | The community of all Muslims, based on religion/faith (the commands of God) rather than kinship/tribal, ethinic, and racial identities | 14 | |
| 8167565100 | Dimmi | non-Muslims citizens of an Islamic state | 15 | |
| 8167566621 | Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam | 16 | |
| 8167570990 | Qu'ran | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina (revelation from Allah) | 17 | |
| 8167570991 | Hadith | "traditions" (words, actions, or habits) of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 18 | |
| 8167570992 | Rashidun | the 30-year reign of the first four caliphs (successors) following the death of Muhammad 1. Abu Bakr 2. Umar ibn al-Khattab 3. Uthman ibn Affan 4. Ali ibn Abi Talib | 19 | |
| 8167572732 | Umayyad | First great worldwide Islamic empire (Spain and Persia), the 2nd out of 4 major caliphates -the capital moved from Medina to Damascus -taxation and adminsitrative practices were perceived as unjust to some Muslims -the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own (hereditary rulers) | 20 | |
| 8167572733 | Abbasid Caliphates | The third Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad., ruled the area near Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Persia, moved capital to Baghdad | 21 | |
| 8167574733 | Harem | the living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household | 22 | |
| 8167574734 | the Veil | A variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women and girls in accordance with hijab, symbolized the subjugation of women | 23 | |
| 8167581483 | Crusades | military campaigns taken by European Christians of the 11th-14th centuries to take over the Holy Land and convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity | 24 | |
| 8167962395 | Bantu Migrations | Migrated toward the east then the south and carried their language which is one of the roots of Swahili into all of sub-Saharan Africa. Brought their technology and knowledge necessary to make iron into southern Africa | 25 | |
| 8167964959 | Ancestor Veneration | the practice of praying to your ancestors | 26 | |
| 8167964960 | Griot | Oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisers to kings within the Mali Empire | 27 | |
| 8167964961 | Coptic Christians | Oldest Christian communities in the Middle East, Christianity was introduced within present day Egypt by Saint Mark in Alexandria | 28 | |
| 8167967017 | Ethiopia | A country located on the horn of Africa, also a Christian kingdom in the highlands of eastern Africa (retained Christian religion despite increasing pressure from the Muslims) | 29 | |
| 8167967018 | Swahili | a Bantu language with Arabic words spoken along the East African coast and the first language of the Swahili people | 30 | |
| 8167967019 | Sundiata | "The lion prince"; found the Mali Empire, also the inspiration for the Epic of the Sundiata (an African literary and mythological work), won control over gold-mining and rebuild gold and salt trade | 31 | |
| 8167969001 | Mansa Musa | Sundiata's grand nephew who ruled Kingdom of Mali. He observed Islamic traditions and made a pilgrimmage to Mecca, strongly promoted Islam, richest man in the world?, gold | 32 | |
| 8167969002 | Timbuktu | An ancient city in Mali on the Niger River, founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp. Became a major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and center of Islamic learning | 33 | |
| 8167971501 | Great Zimbabwe | currently in Zimbabwe and in ruins, whose many stone structures were built between about 1250-1450 (stone complex), when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state | 34 | |
| 8167971502 | Ghana | First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. Islam was mainly used to reinforce the concept of kingship (A Royal Cult), and much of the population never converted. Traded salt and gold | 35 | |
| 8167971503 | Mali | Empire in West Africa founded by an indigenous African dynasty that had earlier adopted Islam through the peaceful influence of Muslim merchants and scholars. | 36 | |
| 8167972267 | Songhai | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali encouraged trade with Asia and Europe and introduced to his country a legal system of government and schools. Empire fell in the late 1500's when the morocans attacked it's trade centers. | 37 |
