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| 12000515029 | Absolutism | A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power. | 0 | |
| 12000523113 | Anglican | Relating to the Church of England, run by Queen Elizabeth I. | 1 | |
| 12000529996 | Calvinists | Doctrine was similar to that of Lutherans' except Calvinists also believed in *predestination* and the insignificance of humanity. | 2 | |
| 12000535818 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 3 | |
| 12000546419 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century. | 4 | |
| 12000551949 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | 5 | |
| 12000562841 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. | 6 | |
| 12000576640 | Charles V | This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation | 7 | |
| 12000584662 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | 8 | |
| 12000595815 | Emilie du Chatelet | A woman who was educated in the sciences. She was trained as a mathematician and physicist. She helped stimulate interest in science in France by translating Newton's work from Latin to French. | 9 | |
| 12000603002 | English Civil War | a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy | 10 | |
| 12000618776 | Galileo Galilei | Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars | 11 | |
| 12000623490 | Glorious Revolution | This revolution that overthrew King James II in England, and resulted in the new controller William Orange (William III). | 12 | |
| 12000638516 | Habsburgs | German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe | 13 | |
| 12000644806 | Issac Newton | British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia" | 14 | |
| 12000654565 | Johannes Gutenberg | German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468) | 15 | |
| 12000667223 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) | 16 | |
| 12000673194 | Joint Stock Companies | businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses | 17 | |
| 12000679127 | Louis XIV of France | "Sun King", absolute monarch of France, built Palace of Versailles, revoked Edict of Nantes | 18 | |
| 12000686185 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 19 | |
| 12000696594 | Nicolaus Copernicus | A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system. | 20 | |
| 12000704798 | Nintey-five Theses | Martin Luther's statement of principles regarding penance and the abuse of indulgences | 21 | |
| 12000710420 | Peace of Westphalia | the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 | 22 | |
| 12000715974 | Peter the Great | This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. | 23 | |
| 12000720714 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 24 | |
| 12000735112 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty that favored the nobles, reduced military obligations, expanded the Russian empire further east, and fought several unsuccessful wars, yet they lasted from 1613 to 1917. | 25 | |
| 12000742784 | Protoindustrialization | preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial revolution | 26 | |
| 12000751204 | Scientific Revolution | A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. | 27 | |
| 12000751579 | Serfdom | A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century. | 28 | |
| 12000765404 | Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | Founded during the Catholic Counter Reformation and used to spread Catholicism around the world. | 29 | |
| 12000790467 | Spanish Inquisition | An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism. | 30 | |
| 12000803743 | St. Ignatius of Loyola | Founder of the Jesuits | 31 | |
| 12000808434 | Thirty Years War | Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westphalia (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | 32 | |
| 12000825522 | Versailles | A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris to house the monarchy and his court at the expense of the people | 33 | |
| 12000846953 | Yemelian Pugachev | Yemelian Pugachev mounted a rebellion in the steppe lands north of the Caspian Sea. Pugachev raised a motley army of adventurers, exiles, peasants, and serfs who killed thousands of noble landowners and government officials before imperial forces crushed the uprising. 1. Government authorities took the captured Pugachev to Moscow in chains, beheaded him, quartered his body, and displayed his parts throughout the city as a warning against rebellion. Thereafter, Catherine's first concern was the preservation of autocratic rule rather than the transformation of Russia according to western European models. | 34 |
