Terms : Hide Images
| 5818884241 | Ferdinand of Aragon | king of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia, united Spain | 0 | |
| 5818888199 | Isabella of Castile | queen of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia, united Spain | 1 | |
| 5818899763 | Caribbean | first area of Spanish exploration | 2 | |
| 5818904002 | Hispaniola | first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards | 3 | |
| 5818907176 | encomienda | grant of Indian laborers to Spanish | 4 | |
| 5818911958 | encomendero | holder of encomienda | 5 | |
| 5819152900 | Bartolomé de las casas | Dominican friar | 6 | |
| 5819429891 | Hernán Cortés | defeated Aztecs | 7 | |
| 5819432909 | Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec emperor | 8 | |
| 5819435053 | México City | capital of New Spain | 9 | |
| 5819436257 | New Spain | Spanish land in the New World | 10 | |
| 5819441361 | Francisco Vázquez de Coronado | lead expedition into N in search of gold | 11 | |
| 5819445647 | Pedro de Valdivia | conquered Araucanian Indians | 12 | |
| 5819449753 | mita | labor | 13 | |
| 5819452701 | Potosí | largest silver mine in New World | 14 | |
| 5819458631 | Huancavelica | greatest deposit of mercury in SA | 15 | |
| 5819461455 | haciendas | rural estates in Spanish colonies | 16 | |
| 5819463619 | consulado | merchant guild of Seville | 17 | |
| 5819464962 | galleons | largo cargo ships | 18 | |
| 5819469749 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494) declared Portuguese vs Spanish lands | 19 | |
| 5819475810 | letrados | university-trained lawyers from Spain in New World | 20 | |
| 5819480514 | Recopilación | laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in NW | 21 | |
| 5819485204 | Council of Indies | body within Castilian gov that issued all laws | 22 | |
| 5819488115 | viceroyalties | 2 major divisions of Spanish colonies | 23 | |
| 5819490776 | viceroys | senior government officials in Spanish America | 24 | |
| 5819509841 | audiencia | royal court of appeals in Spanish colonies | 25 | |
| 5819513541 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | author, poet, and musician of New Spain | 26 | |
| 5819516815 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India | 27 | |
| 5819520761 | captaincies | strips of land along Brazilian coast for Portuguese nobles | 28 | |
| 5819527302 | Paulistas | backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil | 29 | |
| 5823943883 | Minas Gerais | gold rush region of Brazil | 30 | |
| 5823948324 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port close to Minas Gerais | 31 | |
| 5823956534 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins | 32 | |
| 5824073871 | peninsulares | people in NW Spanish colonies, but born in Spain | 33 | |
| 5824077589 | Creoles | whites born in Latin America | 34 | |
| 5824084350 | amigos del país | club/associations dedicated to improvements/reform in Spanish colonies | 35 | |
| 5824156046 | War of the Spanish Succession | resulted from Bourbon succession to Spanish throne (1701) | 36 | |
| 5824165746 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch, (rule: 1759-1788) | 37 | |
| 5824174834 | José de Gálvez | Spanish minister in West Indies/chief architect of colonial reform, wanted to remove Creoles from upper bureaucracy | 38 | |
| 5824197168 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime minister of Portugal (1755-1776), wanted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil, expelled Jesuits | 39 | |
| 5824210732 | Comunero Revolt | one of the popular revolts against colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781 | 40 | |
| 5824220612 | Tupac Amaru II | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru | 41 | |
| 5897898969 | factories | European trading compounds with resident merchants | 42 | |
| 5897903146 | El Mina | most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa | 43 | |
| 5897915779 | Nzinga Mvemba (Alfonso I) | king (1507-1543) of Kong S of Zaire river, converted to Christianity and attempted to Christianize all of kingdom | 44 | |
| 5897939098 | Luanda | Portuguese factory established in 1520s S of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola | 45 | |
| 5897990536 | Royal African Company | Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia | 46 | |
| 5898229715 | Indies piece | term used within the exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave | 47 | |
| 5898229716 | triangular trade | commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carrier to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe | 48 | |
| 5899570068 | Asante empire | established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650 | 49 | |
| 5899585956 | asantehene | title taken by ruler of Asante empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool | 50 | |
| 5899596144 | Osei Tutu | member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire in 1701; utilized Western firearms | 51 | |
| 5899631220 | Dahomey | kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; centre at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under king Agaja expanded to control coastline and portal of Whydah by 1727; accepted W firearms and goods in return for African slaves | 52 | |
| 5899734607 | Luo | nilotic people who migrated from upper Nile valley; established dynasty among existing Bantu population in lake region of central E Africa; centre at Bunyoro | 53 | |
| 5899756079 | Fulani | pastoral people of W Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto | 54 | |
| 5899775994 | Great Trek | movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colon of S Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions N of Orange River and Natal | 55 | |
| 5899790882 | mfecane | wars of 19th century in S Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of S Africa | 56 | |
| 5899805208 | Swazi | new African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane | 57 | |
| 5899812339 | Lesotho | S African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government | 58 | |
| 5899826135 | Middle Passage | slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th-18th century); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture | 59 | |
| 5899846413 | saltwater slaves | slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black | 60 | |
| 5899850353 | Creole slaves | American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation | 61 | |
| 5900273563 | obeah | African religious ideas/practices in the English/French Caribbean islands | 62 | |
| 5900288082 | candomblé | African religious ideas/practices in Brazil, particularly among Yoruba people | 63 | |
| 5900299217 | vodun | African religious ideas/practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti | 64 | |
| 5901342420 | Palmares | kingdom of runaway claves with a population of 8,000-10,000 people; located in Brazil during the 17th century; leadership was Angolan | 65 | |
| 5905327726 | Suriname | formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of S America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance | 66 | |
| 5905374478 | William Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that lead to the end of English slave trade in 1807 | 67 | |
| 5930455576 | Ivan III | also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; look title of tsar of Caesar--equivalent of emperor | 68 | |
| 5934324491 | Ivan IV | (1530-1584) also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with W European commerce/culture | 69 | |
| 5934358301 | Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in S; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests/settlements | 70 | |
| 5934399672 | Time of Troubles | followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir early in 17th c; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 | 71 | |
| 5934438061 | Romanov dynasty | dynasty elected in 1613 at the end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia útil 1917 | 72 | |
| 5934552382 | Alexis Romanov | (1904-July 17th, 1918) the Russian heir to the throne at the time of the Russian revolution and the youngest member of the royal family at the time of this execution | 73 | |
| 5934581437 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th c); many exiled to Siberia or S Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization | 74 | |
| 5934715219 | Peter I | also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism/conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy/culture through imitation of W European models | 75 | |
| 5934754980 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th c; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted W cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry | 76 | |
| 5940669938 | Pugachev rebellion | during 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; leda by Cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th c and thereafter | 77 | |
| 5940697620 | partition of Poland | division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in E Europe | 78 | |
| 5989033032 | Ottoman [dynasty or empire] | dynasty established beginning in the 13th C by Turkic peoples from Central Asia. Though most of their empire's early territory was in Asia Minor, the Ottomans eventually captured Constantinople and made it the capital of and empire that spanned three continents and lasted over 600 years | 79 | |
| 5989046383 | Safavid dynasty | originally a Turkic nomad group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722 | 80 | |
| 5989059918 | Mughal empire | established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th c | 81 | |
| 5989961518 | Mehmed II | (1432-1481) Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine empire | 82 | |
| 5989965430 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th c | 83 | |
| 5989972905 | vizier | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 5th c often more powerful than sultan | 84 | |
| 5989983034 | Sail al-Din | early 14th c Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty | 85 | |
| 5989985285 | Red Heads | name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear | 86 | |
| 5989986427 | Ismâ'il | (1487-1524) Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor | 87 | |
| 5989992170 | Chaldiran | site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked W advance of Safavid empire | 88 | |
| 5989995377 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated W military technology | 89 | |
| 5990002533 | imams | according to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali | 90 | |
| 5990004714 | mullahs | local mosque officials and prayer leaders within Safavid empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism | 91 | |
| 5990007784 | Isfahan | (1592-1629) Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture | 92 | |
| 5990012203 | Nadir Khan Afshar | (1688-1747) soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom | 93 | |
| 5990015095 | Babur | founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died 1530 | 94 | |
| 5990021644 | Humayan | son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal ruel by 1556; died shortly thereafter | 95 | |
| 5990023863 | Akbar | (1542-1605) son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India | 96 | |
| 5990029900 | Din-i-Ilahi | religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed | 97 | |
| 5990032473 | sati | practice followed by small minorities, usually upper caste, of Indians of burning widows on the funeral pyres of their deceased husbands | 98 | |
| 5990035181 | purdah | seclusion of India women in their homes | 99 | |
| 5990036784 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor who succeeded Shah Jajan; known for his religious zealotry | 100 | |
| 5990038432 | Taj Mahal | most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal | 101 | |
| 5990040274 | Nur Jahan | (1577-1645) wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated Mughal empire during later years of Jahangir's reign | 102 | |
| 5990044088 | Mumtaz Mahal | (1593-1631) wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal | 103 | |
| 5990047452 | Marattas | W India people who rebelled against Mughal control in early 18th c | 104 | |
| 5990048489 | Sikhs | sect in NW India; early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling | 105 | |
| 6047294544 | caravels | slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia | 106 | |
| 6047302578 | Asian sea trading network | prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; India zone based on cotton textiles; China zone based on paper, porcelain, and silks | 107 | |
| 6050041478 | mercantilists | economic thinkers who argued that a ruler's and kingdom's power depended on the amount of precious metals they controlled. this led to an emphasis on using manufactured goods rather than gold or silver in commercial exchanges with other nations or empires | 108 | |
| 6050041479 | Ormuz | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at S end of Persian Gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network | 109 | |
| 6050041480 | Goa | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on W India coast; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network | 110 | |
| 6058449960 | Batavia | Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java | 111 | |
| 6058456888 | Dutch trading empire | Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products | 112 | |
| 6058466932 | Luzon | N island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of major Catholic missionary effort | 113 | |
| 6058476629 | Mindanao | S island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest | 114 | |
| 6058488118 | Francis Xavier | Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites | 115 | |
| 6058508550 | Robert di Nobili | (1577-1656) Italian Jesuit missionary; worked in India during early 1600s; introduced strategy to convert elites first; strategy later widely adopted by Jesuits in various parts of Asia; mission eventually failed | 116 | |
| 6058529312 | Hongwu | first Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry | 117 | |
| 6058544704 | Macao | one of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty | 118 | |
| 6058551797 | Canton | one of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty | 119 | |
| 6058561995 | Matteo Ricci | (1552-1610) along with Adam Schall, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to Christianity | 120 | |
| 6058569328 | Adam Schall | (1591-1666) Along with Matteo Ricci, Jesuit scholar in court of Ming emperors; skilled scientist; won few converts to Christianity | 121 | |
| 6058581897 | Chongzhen | last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City at Beijing | 122 | |
| 6058590807 | Oda Nobunga | (1534-1582) Japanese daimayo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed last of Ashikaga shoguns; unified much of central Honshu under his command | 123 | |
| 6058607608 | Toyotomi Hideyoshi | General under Nobunga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimayos; constructed a series of alliances that made him military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598 | 124 | |
| 6058624098 | Tokugawa leyasu | vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan | 125 | |
| 6058634297 | Edo | Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate | 126 | |
| 6058641241 | Deshima | island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter | 127 | |
| 6058650883 | School of National Learning | new ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense fo Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th c | 128 | |
| 6110909980 | age of revolution | period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 | 129 | |
| 6125757327 | Triple Alliance | alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th c, parte of the Europea alliance sistema and balance of poner prior to WW1 | 130 | |
| 6125769851 | Triple Entente | alliance among Britian, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th c; part of the European alliance system prior to WW1 | 131 | |
| 6125785243 | Balkan nationalism | movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to WW1 | 132 | |
| 6125805582 | Louis Pasteur | French scientist who discovered relationship between germs/disease in 19th c, leading to better sanitation | 133 | |
| 6125827506 | American Civil War | fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South | 134 | |
| 6125879074 | transformismo | political system in late 19th c Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo | 135 | |
| 6125899637 | social question | issues relating to lower classes in W Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870 | 136 | |
| 6126017211 | socialism | political movement with origins in W Europe during the 19th c; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man | 137 | |
| 6126037145 | Karl Marx | (1818-1883) German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship | 138 | |
| 6126711615 | revisionism | socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions | 139 | |
| 6126743666 | feminist movements | sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in W Europe at the end of the 19th c; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s | 140 | |
| 6126768966 | mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theatre, vacation trips, and team sports | 141 | |
| 6126778111 | Charles Darwin | biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1858); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival | 142 | |
| 6126791737 | Albert Einstein | developed mathematical theories to explain the behaviour of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity | 143 | |
| 6126805129 | romanticism | artistic and literary movement of the 19th c in Europe; held that emotion/impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience/nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection | 144 | |
| 6136429447 | population revolution | huge growth in population in W Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50%, England/Prussia 100% | 145 | |
| 6136429448 | proto-industrialization | preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depend on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution | 146 | |
| 6136527774 | American Revolution | rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of the USA | 147 | |
| 6137160169 | French Revolution | revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe | 148 | |
| 6137276884 | Louis XVI | (1754-1793) Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution | 149 | |
| 6137288558 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements | 150 | |
| 6137303020 | guillotine | introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror | 151 | |
| 6137372997 | nationalism | political viewpoint with origins in W Europe; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin | 152 | |
| 6137407688 | Napoleon Bonaparte | rose within the French army during the wars of the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 | 153 | |
| 6137684537 | Congress of Vienna | meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes | 154 | |
| 6137868807 | conservative | political viewpoint with origins in W Europe during the 19th c; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church | 155 | |
| 6138217238 | liberal | political viewpoint with origins in W Europe during the 19th c; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments | 156 | |
| 6138245081 | radical | political viewpoint with origins in W Europe during the 19th c; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favour of the lower classes | 157 | |
| 6138256618 | Greek Revolution | rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman empire in the Balkans | 158 | |
| 6138266539 | Reform Bill of 1832 | legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain | 159 | |
| 6146717658 | Chartist movement | attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed | 160 |
