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| 14841893205 | Agrarian revolution(Neolithic) | Between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture. | 0 | |
| 14841904431 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip 2; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine greek and Persian culture. | 1 | |
| 14841922475 | Anasazi | "The ancient ones"; culture located in southwestern US; flourished from 200 to 1200 C.E.; featured large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs. | 2 | |
| 14841932646 | Animism | the religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence to help control and explain nature; typical os Mesopotamian religions. | 3 | |
| 14841945910 | Band | A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis. | 4 | |
| 14841961804 | Bodhisattvas | Buddhist holy men who accumulated spiritual merits during their lifetime; Buddhists prayed to them in order to receive some of their holiness | 5 | |
| 14841966992 | Buddha | Creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century B.C.E. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. | 6 | |
| 14855587253 | Buddhism | religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the Eat Asian countries of china, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand. | 7 | |
| 14855641377 | Caste System | system of social classification first introduced into Indian subcontinent by Aryans | 8 | |
| 14855654958 | Chichen Itza | Originally a Mayan city; conquered by Toltecs circa 1000 and ruled by Toltec dynasties; architecture featured pyramid of Feathered Serpent (Quetzacoatl). | 9 | |
| 14855659917 | Chiefdom | widely diffused pattern of social organization in the Americas; featured chieftains who ruled from central towns over a large territory including small towns that paid tribute; predominant town often featured temples and priest class. | 10 | |
| 14855664522 | City-State | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king. | 11 | |
| 14855672816 | Civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. | 12 | |
| 14855680694 | Confucius | Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher born in 6th century BCE; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi | 13 | |
| 14855688139 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 14 | |
| 14855691477 | Daoism | Philosophy associated with Lao Tzu; stressed need for alignment with Dao or cosmic force. Daoism stresses unity of humanity and the universe . | 15 | |
| 14855716131 | Dharma | The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life. | 16 | |
| 14855722340 | Dihimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus. | 17 | |
| 14855747645 | Direct Democracy | literally, rule of the people—in Athens it meant all free male citizens; all decisions emanated from the popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives. | 18 | |
| 14855759036 | Eightfold Path | Way to the end of suffering, the fourth part of Four Noble Truths in Buddhism. | 19 | |
| 14855779242 | Epic of Gilgamesh | the first literary epic; written down ca. 2000 B.C.E.; included story of the Great Flood. | 20 | |
| 14855789656 | Five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj | 21 | |
| 14855793420 | Four Noble Truths | fundamental insight or enlightenment of Buddha, which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy. | 22 | |
| 14855806582 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi | 23 | |
| 14855816339 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law | 24 | |
| 14855822171 | Han Dynasty | Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 BCE; ruled for next 400 years | 25 | |
| 14855829799 | Hierglyphs | Form of writing developed in Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform | 26 | |
| 14855853451 | Homo Sapiens | the human species of man that emerged as most successful at the end of Paleolithic period. | 27 | |
| 14855869082 | Huang He River basin | Also known as Yellow River basin; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China | 28 | |
| 14855874822 | hunting and gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization | 29 | |
| 14855878352 | Indus River Valley | River sources in India the location of Harappan civilization | 30 | |
| 14855891492 | Jesus of Nazareth | Prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 C.E. | 31 | |
| 14856027423 | Jewish Diaspora | to the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. The notion of Diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 579 BCE. | 32 | |
| 14856057833 | Karma | The sum of merits accumulated by a soul at any given point in time; determined caste to which the soul would be assigned in the next life. | 33 | |
| 14856073322 | Lao Tzu | Major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao | 34 | |
| 14856081758 | Legalists | Chinese school of political thought; served Qin dynasty and later dynasties; stressed need for the absolute power of the emperor; power enforced through strict application of laws | 35 | |
| 14856089597 | Mandate of Heaven | The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. | 36 | |
| 14856097889 | Matrilineal | family descent and inheritance traced through the female line. | 37 | |
| 14863294663 | Matrilocal | A culture which young men upon marriage go to live with brides' families. | 38 | |
| 14863294664 | Maya | Classic Culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihucan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion. | 39 | |
| 14863344390 | Mesoamerica | Mexico and Central America; along with Peru, site of development of sedentary agriculture in Western hemisphere. | 40 | |
| 14863344391 | Mesopotamian | Literally "between the rivers,"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys. | 41 | |
| 14863395858 | Mississippian culture | Last of the mound-building cultures of North America; flourished 800 and 1300 CE; featured large towns and ceremonial centers; lacked stone architecture of Central America. | 42 | |
| 14863415116 | Monotheism | The worship of only one god; introduced by jews into Western civilization. | 43 | |
| 14863426621 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 BCE; period in which adaption of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals was accomplished. | 44 | |
| 14863446867 | Nirvana | The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility | 45 | |
| 14863391452 | Nomads | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 46 | |
| 14867558602 | Paleolithic Age | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. | 47 | |
| 14867573654 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agriculture life-style based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agriculture life-styles | 48 | |
| 14867593486 | Patriarchal | Societies in which women defer to men; societies run . by men based on the assumption that men naturally direct political, economic, and cultural life. | 49 | |
| 14867614252 | Paul | One of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek as language of Church | 50 | |
| 14867622319 | Peloponnesian war | war from 431 to 404 B.C.E. between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece; the Spartans won but failed to achieve political unification in Greece. | 51 | |
| 14867628830 | Persian Wars | Two wars fought in early 5th century BCE between Persia and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity separate from Asian empire | 52 | |
| 14867675009 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled | 53 | |
| 14867678261 | Polis | city-state form of government typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E. | 54 | |
| 14867683665 | Polygamy | Marriage practice in which one husband had several wives; practiced in aryan society. | 55 | |
| 14867695547 | Polynesia | Island contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island | 56 | |
| 14867698997 | Pyramids | Immense architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | 57 | |
| 14867710220 | Reincarnation | The successive attachment of the soul to some animate form according to merits earned in previous lives. | 58 | |
| 14867714259 | Republic | The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 509 to 31 BCE; featured an aristocratic senate, panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies | 59 | |
| 14867749467 | Shifting Cultivators | An intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural ecology; typical of rain forest cultivators | 60 | |
| 14867751839 | Shinto | religion of the early Japanese court; included the worship of numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world. | 61 | |
| 14867760542 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher of later 5th century BCE; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young | 62 | |
| 14867764932 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | 63 | |
| 14867772754 | Shiva | Hindu, god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change | 64 | |
| 14867774834 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E. | 65 | |
| 14867777861 | Vishnu | The Brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped | 66 | |
| 14867782051 | Zoroastrianism | Religion that saw existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire. Dualistic in nature- may have influenced Christianity | 67 |
