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| 4338875483 | Military Decline | The Janissary neglected their military training and turned a blind eye to advances in weapons technology. As its military capacity declined, the Ottoman realm became vulnerable to its more powerful neighbors. |  | 0 |
| 4338881998 | Territorial Losses | Russian forces took over poorly defended territories in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, and the Austrian empire nibbled away at the western frontiers. |  | 1 |
| 4338881999 | Economic Difficulties | The Ottoman Empire moved toward fiscal insolvency and financial dependency. After the middle of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire depended heavily on foreign loans. |  | 2 |
| 4338883943 | The Capitulations | Agreements that exempted European European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their own laws. |  | 3 |
| 4338883944 | The Reforms of Mahmud II | The restoration of the traditional Ottoman military. |  | 4 |
| 4338918941 | Legal and Education Reform | Prompted the ruling class to underclasses to undertake more radical restructuring of the Ottoman State. |  | 5 |
| 4338921887 | Opposition to the Tanzimat | Provoked spirited opposition from several distinct quarters. |  | 6 |
| 4338921888 | Reform and Repression | In 1876 a group of radicals from Ottoman bureaucracy seized power in a coup and installed Abdul Hamid II as sultan. Reformers persuaded Hamid to accept a constitution that limited his authority, but within a year he suspended it and dissolved the parliament.Many fell out of favor with the sultan and went into exile. |  | 7 |
| 4338923682 | The Young Turks | Founded in 1889 by exiled Ottoman subjects living in Paris, the Young Turk Party promoted reform and made use of newspapers to spread their message. It called for universal suffrage, equality before law, freedom of religion, free public education, emancipation of women, secularization of state. |  | 8 |
| 4338923683 | The Crimean War | 1853-1856 revealed the weakness of the Russian Empire, which could hold its own against Ottoman and Qing forces, but could not against the industrial powers of Western Europe. |  | 9 |
| 4338953736 | Emancipation of the Serfs | Serfdom was a source of rural instability and peasant revolt. Serfs won their freedom. Emancipation resulted in little if any increase in agricultural production. |  | 10 |
| 4338953737 | Political and Legal Reform | To deal with local issues of health, education, and welfare.Legal reforms instituted trial by jury for criminal offenses and elected justices of peace who dealt with minor offenses. |  | 11 |
| 4338955499 | The Witte System | Witte implemented policies designed t o stimulate economic development. The centerpiece of his industrial policy was a massive program of railway con construction, which linked the far-flung regions of the Russian empire. |  | 12 |
| 4338955500 | Industrial Discontent | Harsh conditions were seen in the factors workers.Not everyone was dissatisfied with the results of intensified industrialization. Besides foreign investors, a growing Russian business class benefited from government policy that protected domestic industries and its profits. |  | 13 |
| 4338957217 | Protest | During the last three decades of the nineteenth century, anti government protest and revolutionary activity increased. They generally sought socialist system more in keeping with Russian cultural traditions. |  | 14 |
| 4338978784 | Repression | Some activists saw main potential in revolutionary action in the countryside so did speeches there, but the police soon arrested them. Frightened by this, they censored publications and sent secret police. |  | 15 |
| 4338978785 | Terrorism | In 1876 group called Land and Freedom Party began to assassinate officials to pressure government. They assassinated Alexander II who was launching reform. This marked the end of the era of reform and promoted the government to adopt policy of repression. |  | 16 |
| 4338980212 | The Revolution of 1905 | In January 1905 a group of workers marched on the tsar's Winter Palace to petition Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly. Government troops killed 130 and this Bloody Sunday massacre news caused angry uproar throughout the empire. |  | 17 |
| 4338980213 | The Opium Trade | In 1759 Qianlong emperor restricted the European commercial presence in China to Guangzhou's waterfront.Trade in opium was illegal, but it continued for decades because authorities didn't enforce the law. |  | 18 |
| 4338980286 | The Opium War | Lasted from 1839-1842. It was no match, but did not persuade the Chinese to go for peace. British forces decide to strike at the Grand Canal, China sued for peace. |  | 19 |
| 4338999991 | Unequal Treaties | Treaty of Nanjing - Ceded HK island to Britain, opened five Chinese ports, compelled Qing government to extend most favored nation status to Britain, and granted extraterritoriality to British subject. Later had similar unequal treaties with other countries. |  | 20 |
| 4338999992 | The Taiping Program | Hong Xiuquan provided leadership for rebellion. Decreed equality of men and women. Took Nanjing in 1853 and made it the capital of their Taiping kingdom. |  | 21 |
| 4338999993 | Taiping Defeat | The radical nature of the Taiping program ensured the Chinese gentry would side with the Qing government. |  | 22 |
| 4339002211 | The Self-Strengthening Movement | Sought to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology. Only brought superficial change. |  | 23 |
| 4339002212 | Spheres of Influence | During the later part of the nineteenth century, foreign powers began to dismantle the Chinese system of tributary states. |  | 24 |
| 4339014327 | The Hundred Days Reforms | Self Strengthening movement did not prevent continuing foreign intrusion into Chinese affairs. Setbacks sparked ambitious Hundred Days reforms in 1898. |  | 25 |
| 4339014328 | The Boxer Rebellion | Believing that foreign powers were pushing for her retirement, Cixi threw her support behind an anti foreign uprising known as the Boxer rebellion. |  | 26 |
| 4339014329 | Crisis and Reform | By early 19th century Japanese society was in turmoil. They Experienced increased peasant protest. |  | 27 |
| 4339016373 | Foreign Pressure | Beginning 1844, British, French, and US ships visited seeking to establish relations. The US brought naval squadron over to Tokyo and they had to agree to sign unequal treaties with them. |  | 28 |
| 4339016374 | Th End of Tokugawa Rule | Sudden intrusion of foreign powers led to collapse of Tokugawa bakufu and restoration of imperial rule. |  | 29 |
| 4339030480 | The Meiji Restoration | With Tokugawa cause doomed, the shogun resigned office. In 1868 boy emperor known as Meiji took reign. |  | 30 |
| 4339030481 | Foreign Influences | Most prominent travelers were Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi. They studied abroad and drew inspiration from German constitution. |  | 31 |
| 4339030482 | Abolition of the Social Order | Persuaded daimyo to yield lands to throne in exchange for patents of nobility.Replaced it with metropolitan districted and appointed new prefectural governors. |  | 32 |
| 4339032342 | Revamping the Tax System | 1873 Meiji government converted grain tax into a fixed money tax which provided the government with predictable revenues and left peasants to deal with market fluctuations win grain prices. |  | 33 |
| 4339032343 | Constitutional Government | In 1889 had constitution which established a legislature, known as the Diet, composed of a house of nobles and an elected lower house. |  | 34 |
| 4339051960 | Remodeling the Economy | Meiji government created a modern transportation, communications, and educational infrastructure.Also removed barriers to commerce and trade. Introduced system of universal primary and secondary education. |  | 35 |
| 4339051961 | Costs of Economic Development | Japanese peasants supplied much of the domestic capital that supported the Meiji program of industrialization. Life for workers was really tough and Meiji law treated unions as criminal activity so lifestyle was really bad. |  | 36 |
| 4339051962 | Modern Imperialism | Imperialism refers to the domination of European powers and later US and Japan as well over subject lands in the larger world. |  | 37 |
| 4339054591 | Modern Colonialism | Though there were colonies where a lot of the home settlers came over, there were also colonies such as India where they were influenced in their historical development. |  | 38 |
| 4339054592 | Economic Motives of Imperialism | They saw a way to get raw materials. Colonies would consume manufactured products and provide a haven for migrants. |  | 39 |
| 4339086122 | Political Motives of Imperialism | Advocates sought to gain advantages of having colonies and deny them to rivals. Imperialism was a way to defuse social tension and inspire patriotism by focusing public on foreign imperialist ventures |  | 40 |
| 4339086123 | Cultural Justifications of Imperialism | Missionaries flocked to African and Asian lands to get converts for Christianity. Other Europeans worked to bring "civilization" in the form of political order and social stability |  | 41 |
| 4339087652 | Transportation Technologies | Steamships and railroads were most important it equipped them to military use. |  | 42 |
| 4339089651 | Military Technologies | European industrialist also gave out many powerful weapon. Firearms provided European armies with arsenal stronger than any other in the world |  | 43 |
| 4339089652 | Communications Technologies | Steamships made it quicker to get mail between the colony and imperial capital. By 1902 cables linked all parts of the British empire throughout the world. |  | 44 |
| 4339118463 | Company Rule | In 1750s company officials went on the conquest of India and reduced Mughal rule to only a small area around Delhi. Part of British policy of expansion was the "doctrine of lapse," if an Indian ruler failed to produce a biological male heir, then his territories lapsed to the company upon his death. |  | 45 |
| 4339118464 | British Imperial Rule | British officially abolished Mughal empire and it also abolished the East India Company in favor of the direct rule of India by government. |  | 46 |
| 4339118465 | The Great Game | Russian and British explorers ventured into never before seen parts of central Asia in an effort to prepare for war for India. Competition among European powers led to further imperialism in southeast Asia. |  | 47 |
| 4339121153 | British Colonies in Southeast Asia | By 1880s established colonial authority in Burma, became source of teak, ivory, rubies, and jade. Conquest of Malaya in 1870s-80s (provided control of sea lanes, tin, and rubber). |  | 48 |
| 4339121154 | French Indochina | French built a colony consisting of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, between 1859-1893. Like British, introduced European schools unlike its rivals, also encouraged conversion to Christianity. |  | 49 |
| 4348527858 | European Explorers in Africa | Europeans traveled to Africa to colonize. |  | 50 |
| 4348527859 | South Africa | European presence increased in the tip of south Africa due to the dutch east Asia company. |  | 51 |
| 4348557338 | The Berlin Conference | Leaders did not want to go to war over Africa and therefore created this conference to discuss how they would split up Africa. |  | 52 |
| 4348557339 | System of Colonial Rule | Africa could only be maintained only through high expenditures. |  | 53 |
| 4348560842 | Settler Colonies in the Pacific | European imperial powers did not overlook opportunities to establish their presence in the Pacific Ocean basin. Imperialism in the Pacific took two main forms. In Australia and New Zealand, European powers established settler colonies and dominant political institutions. In most of the Pacific islands, however, they sought commercial opportunities and reliable bases for the operations, but did not wish to go to the trouble or expense of outright colonization. |  | 54 |
| 4348719103 | Imperialists in Paradise | The Pacific islands mostly escaped the fate of Australia and New Zealand, where settlers overwhelmed and overpowered native populations. |  | 55 |
| 4348732765 | The Spanish-Cuban-American War | The war broke out as anti colonial tensions mounted in Cuba and Puerto Rico. |  | 56 |
| 4348732766 | The Panama Canal | To facilitate communication and transportation between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, the United States sought to build a canal across some narrow stretch of land in Central America. |  | 57 |
| 4348819066 | Early Japanese Expansion | The Japanese drive to empire began in the east Asian islands. During the 1870s Japanese leaders consolidated their hold on Hokkaido and the Kurile Islands to the north, and they encouraged Japanese migrants to populate the islands to forestall Russian expansion there. |  | 58 |
| 4348854959 | The Sino-Japanese War | Conflict erupted in 1894 over the status of Korea. |  | 59 |
| 4348945174 | The Russo-Japanese War | The unexpected Japanese victory startled European imperial powers, especially Russia. Tensions between Japan and Russia soon mounted, as both imperial powers had territorial ambitions. During the late 1890s Japanese military leaders vastly strengthened both their navy and their army with an eye toward a future conflict with Russia. War broke out in 1904, and Japanese forces overran Russian installations before reinforcements could arrive form Europe. The Japanese's victory transformed them into a major imperial power. |  | 60 |
| 4349016660 | Economic and Social Changes | Sometimes colonial rule transformed the production of crops and commodities that had long been prominent in subject societies. In India, for example, the cultivation of cotton began probably before 5000 B.C.E. |  | 61 |
| 4349046998 | European Migration | Fifty million European migrants left their homes and sought opportunities overseas. |  | 62 |
| 4349054268 | Indentured Labor Migration | Migrants from Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands generally traveled as indentured laborers. Plantation owners sought large number of laborers to replace salves who left the plantations. |  | 63 |
| 4349085603 | Empire and Migration | All these large-scale migrations of the nineteenth century reflected the global influence of imperial powers. European migrations were possible only because European and Euro-American peoples had established settler societies in temperate regions around the world. |  | 64 |
| 4349149086 | Colonial Conflict | The policies adopted by imperial powers and colonial officials forced peoples of different societies to deal with one another on a regular and systematic basis. Their interactions often led to violent conflicts between colonizers and subject peoples. |  | 65 |
| 4349169365 | Scientific Racism | Social and cultural differences were the foundation of an academic pursuit known as scientific racism, which became prominent especially after the 1840s. |  | 66 |
| 4349210200 | Popular Racism | On a more popular level, there was no need for elaborate scientific theories to justify racist prejudices. Representatives of imperial and colonial powers routinely adopted racist views on the basis of personal experience, which seemed to teach their superiority to subject peoples. |  | 67 |
| 4349319588 | Ram Mohan Roy | An educated Indian Elite that helped forge a sense of Indian identity. Sometimes called the "father of modern India". He argued for the construction of a society based on both modern European science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hinduism. |  | 68 |
| 4349356938 | The Indian National Congress | The Indian National Congress formed in 1885 with British approval, was a forum for educated Indians to communicate their views on public affairs to colonial officials. |  | 69 |
| 4349382737 | The Naval Race | An expensive naval race further exacerbated tensions between the two nations. Military leaders believed that powerful navies as a means of controlling the seas in times of war, can determine the outcome of any war. |  | 70 |
| 4349404207 | Colonial Disputes | Economic rivalries fomented colonial competition. European nations searched aggressively for new colonies or dependencies to bolster economic performance. |  | 71 |
| 4349424695 | Public Opinion | Public pressure also contributed to national rivalries. The citizens who identified strongly within the state participated politically in many European societies. |  | 72 |
| 4349452851 | The Central Powers | The Triple Alliance, also known as the Central Powers, grew out of the close relationship that developed between the leaders of Germany and Austria-Hungary during the last three decades of the nineteenth century. |  | 73 |
| 4349462309 | The Allies | The Central Powers sought to protect the political status quo in Europe. |  | 74 |
| 4349474849 | War Plans | The preservation of peace was also difficult because the military staffs of each nation had devised inflexible military plans and timetables to be carried out in the event of war. |  | 75 |
| 4349487920 | Declaration of War | The assassination (from the Black Hand) set in motion a flurry of diplomatic activity that quickly escalated into war. |  | 76 |
| 4349502183 | The Western Front | The German thrust toward Paris in August 1914 came a grinding halt along the river Marne, and both sides then undertook flanking maneuvers, a "race to the sea" that took them to the Atlantic Coast. |  | 77 |
| 4349515557 | Stalemate and New Weapons | The stalemate on the western and southern fronts reflected technological developments that favored defensive tactics. |  | 78 |
| 4349534092 | The Eastern Front | In eastern Europe and the Balkans, the battle lines were more fluid. After a staunch defense, a combination of Austrian and German forces overran Serbia, Albania, and Romania. |  | 79 |
| 4349553073 | Bloodletting | Many battles took place, but some were horrific, so devastating, and so futile that their names are synonymous with human slaughter. The casualty figures attested to this bloodletting. |  | 80 |
| 4349564181 | The Home Front | As the war continued beyond Christmas 1914 and as war weariness and a decline in economic capability set in, the response of all belligerents was to limit individual freedoms and give control of society increasingly over the military leaders. |  | 81 |
| 4349578342 | Woman at War | As men marched to war, women marched to work. They had to replace the missing gaps that the men left as they leave theirs jobs and go to war. |  | 82 |
| 4349584632 | Propaganda | To maintain the spirit of the home front and to counter threats to national unity, governments resorted to the restriction of civil liberties, censorship of bad news, and vilification of the enemy through propaganda campaigns. |  | 83 |
| 4349607878 | Japan's Entry into the War | On August 15, 1914, the Japanese government, claiming that it desired "to secure firm and enduring peace in Eastern Asia," sent an ultimatum to Germany demanding the handover of the German-leased territory of Jiaozhou (northeastern China) to Japanese authorities without compensation. |  | 84 |
| 4349655425 | The Twenty-One Demands | The Twenty-One Demands reflected Japan's determination to dominate east Asia and served as the bases for future Japanese pressure on China. |  | 85 |
| 4349667682 | Gallipoli | A campaign of World War I that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula. The Campaign was a disaster. |  | 86 |
| 4349680035 | The Ottoman Empire | After successfully fending off Allied forces on the beaches of Gallipoli in 1915 and Mesopotamia in 1916, Ottoman armies retreated slowly on all fronts. |  | 87 |
| 4349695219 | The February Revolution | The first of two revolutions in 1917. It was an unplanned and incomplete affair. |  | 88 |
| 4349701331 | Lenin | Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a revolutionary Marxist who lived in exile in Switzerland. |  | 89 |
| 4354195487 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | The Bolshevik rulers ended Russia's involvement in the Great War by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany on March 3, 1918. |  | 90 |
| 4354202106 | Submarine Warfare | The official factor in the United States's decision to enter the war was Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917. |  | 91 |
| 4354210995 | America Declares War | On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany. The U.S. entry proved decisive in breaking the stalemate. |  | 92 |
| 4354220044 | The Paris Settlement | Before the costs of the war were assessed fully, world attention shifted to Paris. There, in 1919, the victorious powers convened to arrange a postwar settlement and set terms for the defeated nations. |  | 93 |
| 4354230188 | Collapsing Fronts | The corrosive effects of years of bloodletting showed. For the first two years of the conflict, most people supported their governments' war efforts, but the continuing ravages of war took their toll everywhere. |  | 94 |
| 4354237982 | The Peace Treaties | The final form of the treaties represented a series of compromises among the victors. The hardest terms originated with the French, who desired the destruction or the permanent weakening of German power. Thus, in addition to requiring Germany to accept sole responsibility and guilt for causing the war, the victors demanded a reduction in the military potential of the formal Central Powers. |  | 95 |
| 4354253066 | Ataturk | As president of the republic, Mustafa Kemal, now known as Ataturk ("Father of the Turks"), instituted an ambitious program of modernization that emphasized economic development and secularism. |  | 96 |
| 4354296268 | The League of Nations | In an effort to avoid future destructive conflicts, the diplomats in Paris created the League of Nations. The League was the first permanent international security organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. |  | 97 |
| 4354305576 | Self-Determination | One of the principal themes of the peacemaking process was the concept of self-determination, which was promoted most intensely by Woodrow Wilson. Wilson believed that self-determination was the key to international peace and cooperation. |  | 98 |
| 4354317374 | Weakened Europe | The decline in European power was closely related to diminished economic stature , a result of the commitment to total war. |  | 99 |
