From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
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| 10758371225 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization |  | 0 |
| 10758371226 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished |  | 1 |
| 10758371229 | Neolithic/Agricultural revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture |  | 2 |
| 10758371230 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies |  | 3 |
| 10758371231 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys |  | 4 |
| 10758371232 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states |  | 5 |
| 10758371233 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets |  | 6 |
| 10758371234 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king |  | 7 |
| 10758371235 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections |  | 8 |
| 10758371236 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. |  | 9 |
| 10758371237 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law |  | 10 |
| 10758371238 | Pharaoh | The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs |  | 11 |
| 10758371239 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs |  | 12 |
| 10758371240 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform |  | 13 |
| 10758371242 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script |  | 14 |
| 10758371243 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern |  | 15 |
| 10758371244 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization |  | 16 |
| 10758371246 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty |  | 17 |
| 10758371247 | Paleolithic | The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. |  | 18 |
| 10758371248 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 19 | |
| 10758371253 | stone age | the earliest known period of human culture, marked by the creation and use of stone tools and other nonmetallic substances | 20 | |
| 10758371254 | foragers | Food collectors who gather, fish, or hunt | 21 | |
| 10758371255 | Babylon | an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice. | 22 | |
| 10758371256 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE) | 23 | |
| 10758371257 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 24 | |
| 10758371258 | bronze | A metal that is a mixture of copper and tin | 25 | |
| 10758371260 | venus figurines | paleolithic female figurines that emphasize physical attributes associated with fecundity | 26 | |
| 10758371262 | pastoralism | the process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals | 27 | |
| 10758371264 | patriarchy | the idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families | 28 | |
| 10758371265 | civilization | large scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology | 29 | |
| 10758371266 | Euphrates and Tigris | two principle Mesopotamian rivers | 30 | |
| 10758371267 | Sumer | earliest Mesopotamian city state | 31 | |
| 10758371268 | Babylon | second oldest Mesopotamian city state, succeeds Sumer, most important king was Hammurabi | 32 | |
| 10758371269 | Hammurabi's Code | first law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing 300 laws/regulations that applied to all facets of human life Babylon Middle East/SW Asia | 33 | |
| 10759715414 | Sumerians | Ancient Mesopotamia Made up of UR, Uruk, polytheistic, cuneiform, first urban civilization | 34 | |
| 10759787262 | Hitites | Modern day turkey/ Anatolia peninsula Master of iron metallurgy, transitioned world from Bronze Age to Iron Age | 35 | |
| 10759787263 | Phoenicians | Along coast of Mediterranean Boating technologies Phonetic alphabet/language | 36 | |
| 10759787264 | Hebrews | Modern day Israel Settled along coast of Mediterranean Judaism | 37 | |
| 10759787265 | Babylonians | Babylonia/SW Asia Hammurabi creates law code under new empire, destroyed jeresulem | 38 | |
| 10758371271 | iron metallurgy | a changeable metal, less hard than bronze, but more flexible, developed around 1500 BCE by the Hittites | 39 | |
| 10758371273 | cuneiform | a very early form of writing, from Sumer in Mesopotamia, done by pressing a cone-shaped stylus into soft clay | 40 | |
| 10758371274 | Epic of Gilgamesh | epic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization | 41 | |
| 10758371276 | Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas) | 42 | |
| 10758371277 | Harrappa & Mohenjo Daro | Two early, very large, and complex Indus Valley city states. Little is known about these but their size and complexities imply central planning. | 43 | |
| 10758371279 | Vedas | A belief system based on the caste system brought into India by peoples probably from the Caucasus between about 5000 and 4000 BCE | 44 | |
| 10758371280 | Varna | Caste system of India: Brahmin, Khsatriya, Vaishya, Shudra--people could not move out of the caste they were born into | 45 | |
| 10758371283 | Shang Dynasty | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture. | 46 | |
| 10758371284 | Hinduism | Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. | 47 | |
| 10758371285 | Zoroastrianism | Founded by Zoroaster taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end 7th century, Persia single high god, cosmic conflict of good and evil | 48 | |
| 10758371286 | Judaism | Monotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam. | 49 | |
| 10758371287 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 50 | |
| 10758371288 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule | 51 | |
| 10758371289 | Oracle bones | bones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class | 52 | |
| 10758371291 | Olmec | the first major civilization in Mexico, mesoamerica 1200 bce along coast of the Gulf of Mexico Based on an agricultural economy of maize beans and squash arose from a series of competing chiefdoms cultural patterns:mound building,urban planning, ritual sacrifice | 53 | |
| 10758371293 | Chavin | Mesoamerican civilization in present-day Peru that had highly developed art and architectural practices, Andean South America | 54 | |
| 10758371295 | irrigation systems | replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops | 55 | |
| 10758371296 | Indus River Valley Civilization | an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro | 56 | |
| 10758523168 | Jati | sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function | 57 | |
| 10758523169 | Zhou Dynasty | (1122 - 256 B.C.E.) First of Chinese classical civilizations. Ruled through alliances with regional princes. Extended territory to Yangzi River and promoted standard Mandarin Chinese language. Promoter Mandate of Heaven | 58 | |
| 10758523170 | Empire | A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler | 59 | |
| 10758646670 | Bantu Migration | responsible for the development of agricultural societies. Starting in 3000 BCE, they moved east and south over several millennia spreading their agriculture, cattle raising, and iron working skills. They spread their language too. | 60 | |
| 10758646671 | Book of the dead | A collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death | 61 | |
| 10758646672 | First examples of slavery | Female slaves captured in wars among rival Mesopotamian cities were forced to work weaving enterprises Male shaves had maintain irrigation canals and construct ziggurats In all first civilizations, slaves (derived from prisoners of war, criminals, debtors) were available for sale | 62 | |
| 10758766112 | Hebrew Monotheism | The Hebrew religion gave us monotheism; it gave us the concept of rule by law; it gave us the concept that the divine works its purpose on human history through human events; it gave us the concept of the covenant, that the one god has a special relationship to a community of humans above all others. | 63 | |
| 10758766113 | Scribe | a person who writes things down | 64 | |
| 10758766114 | Quipo | a group of knotted strings used by the Incas to record information | 65 | |
| 10758766115 | Oracle Bones | The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period. | 66 | |
| 10758766116 | Olmec heads | Olmecs dedicated enormous heads of each ruler to their rulers. | 67 | |
| 10758766117 | Reincarnation | dravidian notion concepts such as samsara( the transmigration of the soul) and karma (the sum of good and bad deeds that would determine one's position in the next life) main goal was to escape the pain and suffering of eternal rebirth and reach moksha | 68 | |
| 10758766118 | Pictographs | picture symbols | 69 | |
| 10758766119 | Bronze Age | a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze | 70 | |
| 10758766120 | Kinship groups | Early agricultural and technological development (about 8000 BCE to 3500 BCE) - Small groups of settlers grew into kinship-based villages that practiced both crop cultivation and domestication of animals. Tools and inventions helped villages to stabilize and eventually grow. | 71 | |
| 10758766121 | social hierarchy | As early civilizations formed greater wealth accumulated and upper classes had better benefits than lower ones | 72 | |
| 10758846276 | Aryan Migration | A large group of speakers of Indo-European languages who migrated across Europe and Asia. Harrapan society collapsed with arrival of Aryans Aryans established caste system in India | 73 | |
| 10758846277 | Nubians | who were rivals of the ancient Egyptians and known for their flourishing kingdom between the 400s BC and the 400s CE. They speak their own language and were known by the Egyptians for their darker skin. South of Egypt in the nile river valley | 74 | |
| 10759715415 | Hunter Gatherer | Foragers/Food collectors Gathered food, scavenged/hunter animals Used stone rather than metal tools | 75 | |
| 10758371270 | bronze metallurgy | alloy of copper, tin, and zinc, this metal began to be produced from about 2800 BCE improved military equipment, agricultural knives, and plows | 76 | |
| 10759787266 | Stone tools | used by Paleolithic humans to cut, scrape, smash, crush and stab any tool made partially/entirely out of stone | 77 |
