From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
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| 12168109451 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization |  | 0 |
| 12168109452 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished |  | 1 |
| 12168109453 | Nomads | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies |  | 2 |
| 12168109454 | Culture | Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction |  | 3 |
| 12168109455 | Neolithic/Agricultural/Agrarian revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture |  | 4 |
| 12168109456 | Pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies |  | 5 |
| 12168109457 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys |  | 6 |
| 12168109458 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states |  | 7 |
| 12168109459 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king |  | 8 |
| 12168109460 | Ziggurats | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections |  | 9 |
| 12168109461 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E. |  | 10 |
| 12168109462 | Pharaoh | The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs |  | 11 |
| 12168109463 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs |  | 12 |
| 12168109464 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform |  | 13 |
| 12168109465 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization |  | 14 |
| 12168109466 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean; extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script |  | 15 |
| 12168109467 | Huang he (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China |  | 16 |
| 12168109468 | Shang | 1st Chinese dynasty |  | 17 |
| 12168109469 | Paleolithic | The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. |  | 18 |
| 12168109470 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 19 | |
| 12168109471 | Egalitarian | Believing in the equality of all peoples | 20 | |
| 12168109472 | Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of ____ and ___ that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations | new weapons modes of transportation | 21 | |
| 12168109473 | Mediterranean Sea | Sea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N. Africa | 22 | |
| 12168109474 | Polytheism | Belief in more than one god | 23 | |
| 12168109475 | Nile River | Principal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development); flooded regularly and enriched the soil in the process | 24 | |
| 12168109476 | city-state | A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate surrounding area | 25 | |
| 12168109477 | Babylon | an ancient city of Mesopotamia known for its wealth, luxury, and vice. | 26 | |
| 12168109478 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BCE) | 27 | |
| 12168109479 | scribe | a person who copies or writes out documents; often a record keeper | 28 | |
| 12168109480 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians (Mesopotamia) using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 29 | |
| 12168109481 | paleolithic | stone age period when human used stone tools and survived by hunting and foraging | 30 | |
| 12168109482 | pastoralism | the process of domestication, raising, and herding of animals | 31 | |
| 12168109483 | specialization of labor | people in civilizations could be assigned different jobs and statuses in society due to having a surplus of food | 32 | |
| 12168109484 | patriarchy | the idea that males have a right to rule and reign over states and families | 33 | |
| 12168109485 | civilization | large scale communities that had certain characteristics in common such as: recordkeeping, complex institutions (government, economy, organized religion), cities, specialization of labor, long-distance trade, technology | 34 | |
| 12168109486 | Euphrates and Tigris | two principle Mesopotamian rivers | 35 | |
| 12168109487 | Sumer | earliest Mesopotamian city state | 36 | |
| 12168109488 | Hammurabi's Code | first law code in the world, of Babylonia, dealt with legal contracts and responsibility for wrong doing | 37 | |
| 12168109489 | wheel | round object used to move heavy weights and to create vehicles first in Sumer | 38 | |
| 12168109490 | Epic of Gilgamesh | epic Mesopotamian poem that highlights the stresses of civilization | 39 | |
| 12168109491 | Egypt | a founding civilization along the Nile in Northeastern Africa | 40 | |
| 12168109492 | Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas) | 41 | |
| 12168109493 | Indus River | River in Northern India on which the first Indian civilizations were built; flooded twice a year in a predictable manner | 42 | |
| 12168109494 | China | earliest civilization in Asia | 43 | |
| 12168109495 | Shang Dynasty | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture. | 44 | |
| 12168109496 | Hinduism | Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. | 45 | |
| 12168109497 | Zoroastrianism | Founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end. Marked by dualism between God = Good and the Evil. Influenced Christianity. Was one of the first monotheistic religions. | 46 | |
| 12168109498 | Judaism | Monotheistic (belief in one god), founded by Abraham, code of law found in the Torah (first 5 books of the Bible), led to the development of two other Abrahamic religions: Christianity and Islam. | 47 | |
| 12168109499 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 48 | |
| 12168109500 | Mandate of Heaven | A political theory of ancient China in which the emperor is given the power to rule by a divine sources. This tie could be severed by ineffectual rule | 49 | |
| 12168109501 | Oracle bones | bones on which the ruling class in China wrote questions and had them divined by the priestly class | 50 | |
| 12168109502 | irrigation systems | replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops | 51 | |
| 12168109503 | Indus River Valley Civilization | an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan and western India. This civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan or Harappa-Mohenjodaro Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to the excavated cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro | 52 | |
| 12168109504 | Alexander the Great | United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire. | 53 | |
| 12168109505 | Socrates and Plato | Greek philosopher and his student | 54 |
