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| 4248762658 | Sumer | first known civilization which existed in the southern half of mesopatamia |  | 0 |
| 4248762660 | Sumerian City-States | cities which became states to prevent conflicts and and oversee and control their agriculture |  | 1 |
| 4248762661 | Sargon of Akkad | The creator of empire in Mesopatamia. ( a city near Kish and Babylon) |  | 2 |
| 4248762662 | Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire | Leader (1792-1750 B.C.E.) who further organized the government by implementing laws and taxes |  | 3 |
| 4248762663 | Hammurabi's Laws | A complete set of laws compiled from those of previous rulers |  | 4 |
| 4248762664 | The Assyrian Empire | The empire proceeding the Babylonian Empire which was in northern Mesopotamia that used newly invented iron weapons |  | 5 |
| 4248762665 | Nebuchadnezzar and the New Babylonian Empire | Next king of the Babylonian Empire who lavished wealth in his capital city |  | 6 |
| 4248762666 | Bronze Metallurgy | An advancement of metalworking by Mesopotamian metalworkers in order to create stronger tools and weapons (400 B.C.E.) |  | 7 |
| 4248762667 | Iron Metallurgy | The further advancement of metalworking by creating stronger tools using iron |  | 8 |
| 4248762668 | The Wheel | This invention brought the advancement of transportation on land |  | 9 |
| 4248762669 | Shipbuilding | This technology/craft improved marine transportation to increase long distance trade |  | 10 |
| 4248762670 | Trade Networks | Routes, at the time usually traveled by donkey caravan used to trade items or send messages over long or even short, local distances |  | 11 |
| 4248762671 | Social Classes | This was primarily developed based on one's wealth even in the neolithic time period |  | 12 |
| 4248762672 | Temple Communities | These were inhabited by priests and priestesses who received offerings such as food, drinks, and clothing for their interaction with the gods and goddesses |  | 13 |
| 4248762673 | Slaves | These were mainly prisoners of war, men or women who were in debt and criminals. They mostly served as house servants but some worked in fields and temple communities |  | 14 |
| 4248762674 | Patriarchal Society | Because of this most men in Mesopotamia ruled above all women. They were in charge of all important matters and were always in charge of their family |  | 15 |
| 4248762675 | Women's Roles | Although they weren't stripped entirely of all power, women still served important roles in their society such as advising kings becoming priestesses, working as scribes but very rarely having great power |  | 16 |
| 4248762676 | Cuneiform Writing | A a picture based writing system; used by Sumerians |  | 17 |
| 4248762677 | Education | Unlike today education in Mesopotamia was based on a specific craft the individual wanted to pursue such as architecture. The system was almost entirely vocal and had little written instruction |  | 18 |
| 4248762678 | Astronomy and Mathematics | This helped create accurate calendars and improve agricultural cylcles |  | 19 |
| 4248762679 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | Literature of Mesopotamia about a greedy king and a companion |  | 20 |
| 4248762680 | The Early Hebrews | nomads who inhabited land between Mesopotamia and egypt |  | 21 |
| 4248762682 | Moses and Monotheism | Moses believed that there was only one god named Yaweh and all other gods were just figments of their imaginations |  | 22 |
| 4248762685 | The Early Phoenicians | Existed solely as small city-states along the Mediterranean coast |  | 23 |
| 4248762686 | Phoenician Trade Networks | At the time trade was primarily what they were known for. Early on they traded with neighbors through land but then added maritime trading to their main sources of income and fuel of their economy |  | 24 |
| 4248762687 | Alphabetic Writing | The Phoenicians developed a 22 character based system that made written communication much easier compared with cuneiform writing |  | 25 |
| 4248762690 | Horses | Were first used as a source of food but after domesticated they were used for riding/travel |  | 26 |
| 4248762691 | The Nature of Indo-European Migrations | expanded very far out throughout the continent with the help of horses allowing quick transportation and diffusion of culture |  | 27 |
| 4248762692 | The Hittites | A group of ancient Indo-Europeans who took over Anatolia |  | 28 |
| 4248762693 | War Chariots | A technological advancement to make battle easier developed by Hittites |  | 29 |
| 4248762694 | Iron Metallurgy | The refinement of metalworking by the Hitittes |  | 30 |
| 4248762700 | The Nile River Valley | A river that runs through East Africa that has served greatly in the development of several cultures and the trade of goods |  | 31 |
| 4248762701 | Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley | grains; animals included donkeys and cattle |  | 32 |
| 4248762703 | Menes | An Egyptian conqueror/ruler |  | 33 |
| 4248762712 | Cities of the Nile Valley | In the Nile Valley, popultation clustered mostly in agricultural villages to trade with neighbors up and down the river. Cities emerged |  | 34 |
| 4248762714 | Patriarchal Society | Vested authority over public and private affairs in their men | | 35 |
| 4248762715 | Bronze Metallurgy | Hyhsos relied on bronze weapons to impose their authority on the Nile Delta | | 36 |
| 4248762716 | Iron Metallurgy | Southern Nile societies mad up for their lack of bronze with the large scale production of iron | | 37 |
| 4248762717 | Transportation | Current take boats upper to lower Egypt on the Nile, while the winds can take boats from lower to upper Egypt |  | 38 |
| 4248762718 | Trade Networks | Efficient Transport = long distance trade | | 39 |
| 4248762719 | Hieroglyphic Writing | Egyptians supplemented pictographs with symbols representing sounds and ideas |  | 40 |
| 4248762724 | Mummification | The yearning for immortality explains the Egytian practice of mummifying the dead |  | 41 |
| 4248762727 | The Bantu | Among the most influential people of Saharan Africa in ancient time were those who spoke Bantu languages |  | 42 |
| 4248762728 | Bantu Migrations | By 3000 B.C.E. they were slowly spreading south into the west African forest, and after 2000 B.C.E. the expanded rapidly to the south toward the Congo River Basin and East toward the Great Lakes | | 43 |
| 4248762729 | Iron and Migration | After about 1000 B.C.E., the pace of Bantu migrations quickened, as Bantu people began to produce iron tools weapons |  | 44 |
| 4248762732 | The Indus River | Water form rain & melted snow carried silt unpredictable agriculture suppliment to the harrapan society |  | 45 |
| 4248762734 | Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro | Two main cities societies that were well structured and advanced |  | 46 |
| 4248762735 | Specialized Labor & Trade | Agriculture economy traded domestic and foreign pottery, tools, decorations, god,silver, copper traded by ships |  | 47 |
| 4248762740 | The Vedas | Numerous Poems collection of religious works that spoke of the Aryan gods |  | 48 |
| 4248762741 | Vedic Age | Mainly a term that identifies a time period where Aryans were in conflict with many indigenous Indian societies |  | 49 |
| 4248762744 | Caste & Varna | identities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. Varna means color to refer to the major social classes |  | 50 |
| 4248762745 | Social Distinctions in the Late Vedic Age | The 4 main varnas are priests, warriors, artisans and merchants, landless peasants and serfs | | 51 |
| 4248762746 | Subcastes and Jati | The subcastes that you are put in depending on your occupation. |  | 52 |
| 4248762747 | Caste and Social Mobility | The social mobility in the caste system means that it is flexible . |  | 53 |
| 4248762750 | Aryan Gods | Many gods for different natural environmental factors such as fire, dawn, the sky and the sun |  | 54 |
| 4248762754 | Brahman, The Universal Soul | Foundation for all things that exist |  | 55 |
| 4248762755 | Teachings of Upanishads | Souls temporarily go to heaven and are then reincarnated |  | 56 |
| 4248762756 | Religion and Vedic Society | Just as Brahman theories about the origins of varna distinctions reflected Aryan society about 1000 B.C.E. |  | 57 |
| 4248762757 | The Yellow River | river that begins in east china that carries yellow silt. It has been a very influential river in the development of Chinese dynasties and civilizations. |  | 58 |
