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| 5481390124 | Sumer | Sumer was the first known civilization which existed in the southern half of mesopatamia |  | 0 |
| 5481390125 | Semitic Migrant | People of Semitic families who spoke semitic languages such as Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Phoenician. |  | 1 |
| 5481390126 | Sumerian City-States | Sumer's cities which became states to prevent conflicts and and oversee and control their agriculture |  | 2 |
| 5481390127 | Sargon of Akkad | The creator of empire in Mesopatamia. ( a city near Kish and Babylon) |  | 3 |
| 5481390128 | Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire | King of the Babylonian Empire (1792-1750 B.C.E.) who further organized their government by implementing laws and taxes |  | 4 |
| 5481390129 | Hammurabi's Laws | A complete set of laws compiled from those of previous rulers that was implemented during Hammurabi's reign |  | 5 |
| 5481390130 | The Assyrian Empire | The empire proceeding the Babylonian Empire which was in northern Mesopotamia that used newly invented iron weapons |  | 6 |
| 5481390131 | Nebuchadnezzar and the New Babylonian Empire | Next king of the Babylonian Empire who lavished wealth in his capital city |  | 7 |
| 5481390132 | Bronze Metallurgy | An advancement of metalworking by Mesopotamian metalworkers in order to create stronger tools and weapons (400 B.C.E.) |  | 8 |
| 5481390133 | Iron Metallurgy | The further advancement of metalworking by creating stronger tools using iron |  | 9 |
| 5481390134 | The Wheel | This invention brought the advancement of transportation on land |  | 10 |
| 5481390135 | Shipbuilding | This technology/craft improved marine transportation to increase long distance trade |  | 11 |
| 5481390136 | Trade Networks | Routes, at the time usually traveled by donkey caravan used to trade items or send messages over long or even short, local distances |  | 12 |
| 5481390137 | Social Classes | This was primarily developed based on one's wealth even in the neolithic time period |  | 13 |
| 5481390138 | Temple Communities | These were inhabited by priests and priestesses who received offerings such as food, drinks, and clothing for their interaction with the gods and goddesses |  | 14 |
| 5481390139 | Slaves | These were mainly prisoners of war, men or women who were in debt and criminals. They mostly served as house servants but some worked in fields and temple communities |  | 15 |
| 5481390140 | Patriarchal Society | Because of this most men in Mesopotamia ruled above all women. They were in charge of all important matters and were always in charge of their family |  | 16 |
| 5481390141 | Women's Roles | Although they weren't stripped entirely of all power, women still served important roles in their society such as advising kings becoming priestesses, working as scribes but very rarely having great power |  | 17 |
| 5481390142 | Cuneiform Writing | A a picture based writing system |  | 18 |
| 5481390143 | Education | Unlike today education in Mesopotamia was based on a specific craft the individual wanted to pursue such as architecture. The system was almost entirely vocal and had little written instruction |  | 19 |
| 5481390144 | Astronomy and Mathematics | This helped create accurate calendars and improve agricultural cylcles |  | 20 |
| 5481390145 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | Literature of Mesopotamia about a greedy king and a companion |  | 21 |
| 5481390146 | The Early Hebrews | Hebrew nomads who inhabited land between Mesopotamia and egypt |  | 22 |
| 5481390147 | Migrations and Settlement in Palestine | Some Hebrews emigrated from Palestine into Egypt around 1800 B.C.E. At around 1300 B.C.E. the ones who moved back were know as Israelite |  | 23 |
| 5481390148 | Moses and Monotheism | Moses believed that there was only one god named Yaweh and all other gods were just figments of their imaginations |  | 24 |
| 5481390149 | Assyrian and Babylonian Conquests | A series of conquest where the Assyrians and Babylonians juggle for power |  | 25 |
| 5481390150 | The Early Jewish Community | A a group of small states proceeding the conquest of the Babylonian empire |  | 26 |
| 5481390151 | The Early Phoenicians | Existed solely as small city-states along the Mediterranean coast |  | 27 |
| 5481390152 | Phoenician Trade Networks | At the time trade was primarily what they were known for. Early on they traded with neighbors through land but then added maritime trading to their main sources of income and fuel of their economy |  | 28 |
| 5481390153 | Alphabetic Writing | The Phoenicians developed a 22 character based alphabetic system that made written communication much easier compared with cuneiform writing |  | 29 |
| 5481390154 | Indo-European Languages | Many languages that contain various similarities in vocabulary and grammatical structure. |  | 30 |
| 5481390156 | Horses | Were first used as a source of food but after domesticated they were used for riding/travel |  | 31 |
| 5481390158 | The Hittites | A group of ancient Indo-Europeans who took over Anatolia |  | 32 |
| 5481390159 | War Chariots | A technological advancement to make battle easier |  | 33 |
| 5481390160 | Iron Metallurgy | The refinement of metalworking by the hitittes |  | 34 |
| 5481390164 | Early Sudanic Agriculture | Consisted of cattle, sorghum , yams, goats and sheep |  | 35 |
| 5481390165 | Climatic Change | A fluctuation of climate in northern Africa. (became much hotter) |  | 36 |
| 5481390166 | The Nile River Valley | A river that runs through East Africa that has served greatly in the development of several cultures and the trade of goods |  | 37 |
| 5481390167 | Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley | Crops in the Nile Valley mostly consisted of grains and animals included donkeys and cattle |  | 38 |
| 5481390168 | Political Organization | This served as a very important structure for the development and support for the large society that existed at the time |  | 39 |
| 5481390169 | Menes | An Egyptian conqueror/ruler |  | 40 |
| 5481390170 | The Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom | The archaic period existed between (3100-2660 B.C.E.) and the Old Kingdom existed between (2660-2160 B.C.E.) |  | 41 |
| 5481390171 | Relations between Egypt and Nubia | A competitive relationship between two empires one north and one south of each other, fighting for resources and control of the Nile river |  | 42 |
| 5481390172 | The Early Kingdom of Kush | A powerful African kingdom south of Egypt |  | 43 |
| 5481390173 | The Middle Kingdom | A.K.A. the Period of Reunification The period in the history of ancient Egypt between 2000 B.C.E. and 1700 B.C.E. |  | 44 |
| 5481390174 | The Hyhsos | "Foreign Rulers" •Little information left •Horse Riding nomads •Military advantage over Egyptians from horse drawn chariots |  | 45 |
| 5481390175 | The New Kingdom | •Prosperous and productive society •Agriculture surpluses supported a population of 4 million •Divided responsibilities and offices |  | 46 |
| 5481390176 | Egyptian Imperialism | After expelling the hyhsos, Egyptians sought to prevent new invasions by seizing control of the regions that pose threats in the future |  | 47 |
| 5481390177 | The Revived Kingdom of Kush | After expelling the Hyhsos, Egyptians sought to prevent new invasions by seizing control of regions that pose threats in the future | | 48 |
| 5481390178 | Cities of the Nile Valley | In the Nile Valley, popultation clustered mostly in agricultural villages to trade with neighbors up and down the river. Cities emerged |  | 49 |
| 5481390179 | Social Classes | Ancient cities were center of wealth, made the development of social distinctions. Anyone could attain high positions | | 50 |
| 5481390180 | Patriarchal Society | Vested authority over public and private affairs in their men | | 51 |
| 5481390181 | Bronze Metallurgy | Hyhsos relied on bronze weapons to impose their authority on the Nile Delta | | 52 |
| 5481390182 | Iron Metallurgy | Southern Nile societies mad up for their lack of bronze with the large scale production of iron | | 53 |
| 5481390183 | Transportation | Current take boats upper to lower Egypt on the Nile, while the winds can take boats from lower to upper Egypt |  | 54 |
| 5481390184 | Trade Networks | Efficient Transport = long distance trade | | 55 |
| 5481390185 | Hieroglyphic Writing | Egyptians supplemented pictographs with symbols representing sounds and ideas |  | 56 |
| 5481390186 | Education | Formal education & literacy brought handsome rewards in ancient Egypt | | 57 |
| 5481390187 | Meroitic Writing | Nubian borrowed Egyptian hieroglyphs but usd them to rep. sounds |  | 58 |
| 5481390188 | Amon and Re | Amon- associated with sun, creation, fertility, repoduce forces Re- sun god worshipped at Heliopolis |  | 59 |
| 5481390189 | Aten and Monotheism | Aten was the preferred monotheistic god by the Pharoh Amenhtep IV |  | 60 |
| 5481390190 | Mummification | The yearning for immortality explains the Egytian practice of mummifying the dead |  | 61 |
| 5481390191 | Cult f Osiris | According to myths, Osiris' evil brother Seth murdered him and scattered his dismembered parts throughout the land but the victim's loyal wife, Isis , retrieved his parts and gave him a proper burial. Impressed by her devotion, the gods restored Osiris to life, but to an existence as god of the underworld. |  | 62 |
| 5481390192 | Nubian Religious Beliefs | Very little written infromation survives. Lion- god apedemak- served as god of war for the kingdom of kush |  | 63 |
| 5481390193 | The Bantu | Among the most influential people of Saharan Africa in ancient time were those who spoke Bantu languages |  | 64 |
| 5481390194 | Bantu Migrations | By 3000 B.C.E. they were slowly spreading south into the west African forest, and after 2000 B.C.E. the expanded rapidly to the south toward the Congo River Basin and East toward the Great Lakes | | 65 |
| 5481390195 | Iron and Migration | After about 1000 B.C.E., the pace of Bantu migrations quickened, as Bantu people began to produce iron tools weapons |  | 66 |
| 5481390196 | Spread of Agriculture | Between 1000 and 500 B.C.E., cultivators extended the cultivation of yams and grains deep into east and south aftica |  | 67 |
| 5481390197 | Religious Beliefs | Monotheistic by 5000 B.C.E. Divine force good & evil spirits Nyamba "God" |  | 68 |
| 5481390198 | The Indus River | Water form rain & melted snow carried silt unpredictable agriculture suppliment to the harrapan society |  | 69 |
| 5481390199 | Political Organization | There is little to no evidence left of political structure in in Harrapa | | 70 |
| 5481390200 | Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro | Two main cities in the Harrapan societies that were well structured |  | 71 |
| 5481390201 | Specialized Labor & Trade | Agriculture economy traded domestic and foreign pottery, tools, decorations, god,silver, copper traded by ships |  | 72 |
| 5481390202 | Social Distinctions | Social distinctions rather than being based on roles wear based on wealth | | 73 |
| 5481390203 | Fertility Cults | Had a strong concern for fertility in women. They honored a fertility goddess |  | 74 |
| 5481390204 | Harappan Decline | After 1900 B.C.E. ecological Degradation deforestation erosion, less rain and other environmental issues |  | 75 |
| 5481390205 | The Early Aryans | The Aryans strayed from an agricultural society and used horses and other pastoral animals as transportations |  | 76 |
| 5481390206 | The Vedas | Numerous Poems collection of religious works that spoke of the Aryan gods |  | 77 |
| 5481390207 | Vedic Age | Mainly a term that identifies a time period where Aryans were in conflict with many indigenous Indian societies |  | 78 |
| 5481390208 | Aryan Migrations in India | During the early centuries of the Vedic age, Aryan groups settled in punjab |  | 79 |
| 5481390209 | Changing Political Organization | As the Aryans settled into permanent communities and began to rely more on agriculture than herding, they evolved more formal political institutions | | 80 |
| 5481390210 | Caste & Varna | Caste identities developed gradually as the Aryans established settlements throughout India. Varna means color to refer to the major social classes |  | 81 |
| 5481390211 | Social Distinctions in the Late Vedic Age | The 4 main varnas are priests, warriors, artisans and merchants, landless peasants and serfs | | 82 |
| 5481390212 | Subcastes and Jati | The subcastes that you are put in depending on your occupation. |  | 83 |
| 5481390213 | Caste and Social Mobility | The social mobility in the caste system means that it is flexible . |  | 84 |
| 5481390214 | Lawbook of Manu | Proper moral behavior social relationships sex and gender relationships |  | 85 |
| 5481390215 | Sati | Practice where a widow sacrifices herself to her dead husband to join him in the afterlife |  | 86 |
| 5481390216 | Aryan Gods | Many gods for different natural environmental factors such as fire, dawn, the sky and the sun |  | 87 |
| 5481390217 | Ritual Sacrifices | Minor aspect of religion when people killed animals for their gods. |  | 88 |
| 5481390218 | Spirituality | Aryans believed in the world, gods, and human beings. They were deep rooted in faith and sought to teach others |  | 89 |
| 5481390219 | The Upanshads | Means "Sitting in front of" and is when disciples discuss religious and sacred problems |  | 90 |
| 5481390220 | Brahman, The Universal Soul | Foundation for all things that exist |  | 91 |
| 5481390221 | Teachings of Upanishads | Souls temporarily go to heaven and are then reincarnated |  | 92 |
| 5481390222 | Religion and Vedic Society | Just as Brahman theories about the origins of varna distinctions reflected Aryan society about 1000 B.C.E. |  | 93 |
| 5481390223 | The Yellow River | The Yellow River is a river that begins in east china that carries yellow silt. It has been a very influential river in the development of Chinese dynasties and civilizations. |  | 94 |
