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| 2818627586 | Egyptian imperialism | Imperialism in Afria: Egypt |  | 0 |
| 2818630160 | Revived kingdom of Kush | -Egyptian forces retreated from Nubia by 1100 BCE and were vacated by 1000 BCE with new kingdom of Kush |  | 1 |
| 2818632459 | Cities of Nile valley | Cities along the Nile Valley |  | 2 |
| 2818633740 | social classes | a ranking of people into higher or lower positions of respect |  | 3 |
| 2818636082 | patriarchal society | A social structure where a man is the head of the family and the community |  | 4 |
| 2818638204 | Bronze Metallurgy | Copper became obsolete and the military began to use bronze swords, spears, axes, shileds, and armour. Farmers used bronze knives and bronze-tipped plows. Bronze is made out of copper and tin., gave aristocrats in the Shang dynasty power because they had a monopoly on bronze tools |  | 5 |
| 2818639239 | Iron Metallurgy | The process of melting iron to manufacture tools; diffused throughout Afro-Eurasia. Examples of use: Assyrians used iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia; Bantus diffused iron metallurgy in their migrations throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. |  | 6 |
| 2818639673 | Transportation | The process by which passengers or goods are moved or delivered from one place to another. |  | 7 |
| 2818640533 | Trade networks | a system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth; Ex:Indus Valley Civilization had seaborne contact with Sumerian merchants in 2300 BCE; , |  | 8 |
| 2818642125 | Hieroglyphic Writing | Writting that uses pictures to stand in places of ideas |  | 9 |
| 2818642598 | Education | A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner. |  | 10 |
| 2818643294 | Meiotic Writing | Was a Nubian script that borrowed Egyptian Hieroglyphs |  | 11 |
| 2818649055 | Amon And Re | Principal Gods in Egypt |  | 12 |
| 2818651073 | Aten and Monotheism | Aten was a god and monotheism is the belief of one god. |  | 13 |
| 2818654480 | mummification | embalmment and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy |  | 14 |
| 2818654935 | cult of Osiris | God of the dead mythical god of underworld, associated with immortality and honored, believed that those with a pure heart gained eternal life, honored through a religious cult that observed high moral standards |  | 15 |
| 2818655975 | Nubian religious Beliefs | -most prominent of the Nubian gods were lion-god Apedemak (depicted with bow and arrows) and Sebiumeker (creator god and divine guardian of his human devotees |  | 16 |
| 2818657087 | Bantu | A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa. |  | 17 |
| 2818659056 | Bantu Migration | The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 |  | 18 |
| 2818659980 | Iron and Migration | The bantu began to produce iron tools and weapons |  | 19 |
| 2818666665 | Spread of Agriculture | -between 1000-500 BCE cultivators extended the cultivation of yams and grains into east and south Africa (modern-day Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa) while herders introduced sheep and cattle to regio |  | 20 |
| 2818667328 | Religious Beliefs | statements to which members of a particular religion adhere |  | 21 |
| 2818672228 | Indus river | A river that flows from Tibet, through the Himalayas and Hindu Kush into the Arabian Sea. |  | 22 |
| 2818672718 | Political Organization | indigenous rights |  | 23 |
| 2818674016 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | ________ and ________ were the two major cities of ancient India. |  | 24 |
| 2818675271 | Specialized labor and trade | what did food surpluses allow for? |  | 25 |
| 2818677014 | Social Distinctions | Caste system |  | 26 |
| 2818678068 | Fertility Cults | Spirituality based on agriculture |  | 27 |
| 2818678766 | Harappan Decline | -Civilization disappeared (could be from invaders or natural disaster |  | 28 |
| 2818679439 | Early Aryans | -Part of the extensive group of Indo-European speaking people |  | 29 |
| 2818680227 | Vedas | Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism. |  | 30 |
| 2818691087 | Vedic Age | A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth. |  | 31 |
| 2818692290 | Aryan Migration in India | When the aryanso settled (when they migrated) in the punjabi and upper indus river valley. Became the people of india. |  | 32 |
| 2818693353 | Changing Political Organization | The changing or a system |  | 33 |
| 2818698966 | Caste and Varna | Caste is the system of social classes and Varna means color |  | 34 |
| 2818703072 | Social Distinction | Caste system The institutionalization of privately owned landed property enhanced the significancelation of a cumulative wealth. Because of this, it led to inheritance within the families and economic power. | | 35 |
| 2818704819 | Subcastes and Jati | Subcaste were know as Jati |  | 36 |
| 2818706169 | Caste and social mobility | Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another |  | 37 |
| 2818707357 | The lawBook of manu | -During the first century BCE an anonymous sage prepared a work and attributed it to Manu, the founder of the human race according to Indian mytholog |  | 38 |
| 2818707661 | Sati | A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals. |  | 39 |
| 2818708201 | Aryan Gods | represented natural forces |  | 40 |
| 2818708682 | Ritual Sacrifices | Sacrifices that are made for a particular reason and done for a ritual |  | 41 |
| 2818711364 | Spirituality | A person's system of beliefs and values, feelings of connectedness to self and others, and experience of finding meaning and purpose in life. |  | 42 |
| 2818712315 | Upanishads | A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised. |  | 43 |
| 2818712795 | Brahma, The universal soul | Hindu's god |  | 44 |
| 2818713767 | Teachings of upanishad | The morals from The Upanishads |  | 45 |
| 2818718169 | religion and Vedic Society | Buddhas teaching |  | 46 |
| 2818720362 | Yellow river | Also known as the Huang-He. The second longest river in China. The majority of ancient Chinese civilizations originated in its valley. |  | 47 |
| 2818720623 | Xia Dynasty | 1994-1600 BCE. The first dynasty in China. Established by the legendary Yu the Great. The dynasty is considered an evolutionary stage between the more primitive cultures adn the urban Chinese, even though the dynasty's existence has yet to be archaeologically proven. |  | 48 |
| 2818721151 | Shang Political Organization | The Shang relied on political allies.Kings gradually began to control more and more towns much like the Xia. |  | 49 |
| 2820827516 | Sumer | land in the southern half of mesopotamia. |  | 50 |
| 2820922542 | Semitic Migrants | nomadic herders who went to Mesopotamia from the Arabian and Syrian deserts to he south and west. |  | 51 |
| 2822174937 | Sumerian City-States | Dozens of city states known in the early Fertile Crescent around 4000 BC in southern Mesopotamia. |  | 52 |
| 2822179038 | Sumerian kings | A king was an individual ruler who gradually absurd the authority of the assemblies and made themselves the Monarchs. |  | 53 |
| 2822181340 | Sargon of Akkad | The creator of the empire in Mesopotamia. |  | 54 |
| 2822182566 | Hammurabi and the Babylonian empire | Reigned himself from 1792-1750 BCE as king of the four quarters of the world, dominated Mesopotamia until about 1600 BCE |  | 55 |
| 2822186198 | Hammurabi's laws | Laws that Hammurabi set that were sent by the gods to promote the welfare of the people and to cause justice to prevail the land. |  | 56 |
| 2822188223 | The Assyrian empire | Powerful empire in northern Mesopotamia who expanded their authority in Southwest Asia around 1300 BCE. |  | 57 |
| 2822190909 | Nebuchadnezzar and the new Babylonian empire | Empire also known as Chaldean empire from 600 to 550 B.C.E. in the reestablishment of the Babylonian empire. |  | 58 |
| 2822200243 | The wheel | Diffused quickly from the Sumer to the other close lands and became a standard source for transporting goods |  | 59 |
| 2822219362 | Alphabetic Writing | Each symbol, ideally, represents one specific phoneme. |  | 60 |
| 2822219366 | Assyrian and Babylonian Conquests | Assyrians replaced by Babylonians, but practiced deportation of newly conquered people. Josiah was an important figure between the transition of the two empires, and based reform from laws of Deuteronomy. The Babylonian exile displaced not only upper classes of Jewish society, but anyone who might pose an immediate threat to rule of Babylon. It also represents a decisive change where the Judeans not only survived in the exile, but reconstructed their faith. |  | 61 |
| 2822219367 | Astronomy and Mathmatics | Astronomy: They created a calendar similar to the Mayan's, except they added their own religious days. |  | 62 |
| 2822219377 | Climate Change | Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades. |  | 63 |
| 2822219379 | Cuneiform Writing | An early form of writing with wedge-shaped characters; impressed into wet clay with a stylus, used by the ancient Mesopotamian's. Once the clay was dry it was a permanent record of the Scribes message. |  | 64 |
| 2822219380 | Early Agriculture in the Nile Valley | There were a lot of cultivated crops, but not as many animals as the River Valley civilizations. They couldn't domesticate large animals because the ones in the Americas were not able. Without the presence of work animals, most of the labor was done by humans. |  | 65 |
| 2822219381 | Early Sudanic Agriculture | 9000 BCE people of the eastern Sudan domesticated cattle and became nomadic herders, while they continued to collect wild grain. The Sudanic agriculture became increasingly diverse over the following centuries: sheep and goats arrived from the south-west Asia. |  | 66 |
| 2822219387 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | ..., The Indus River valleys supported a thriving civilization between 3000 B.C. and 1500 B.C. that was based on what two major cities? | | 67 |
| 2822219390 | Horses | Animal introduced by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the Great Plains. |  | 68 |
| 2822219391 | Hyksos | A foreign people that invaded Egypt and ended the Middle Kingdom. |  | 69 |
| 2822219392 | Indo- European Migrations to the South | A wave of migrations established an Indo European presence in Iran and India. About 1500 BCE the Medes and Persians migrated into the Iranian plateau while the Aryans began filtering into northern India. |  | 70 |
| 2822219393 | Indo-European Homeland | The Homeland was from the Ukraine/Belarus northern area, around the Black Sea.The Southern part, near the Mediterranean Sea such as Bulgaria, Italy, and Greece were subjected to three waves of Indo-European expansion. Around 2500 -2300 B.C. the Indo-Europeans spread to the British Isles. Areas such as Portugaul, Spain, France, and Iceland, and some of Russia had not been infiltrated by 2300 B.C. |  | 71 |
| 2822219394 | Indo-European Migrations to East | Group of seminomadic people who, about 1700 B.C., began to migrate from what is now southern Russia to the Indian subcontinent, Europe, & Southwest Asia. | | 72 |
| 2822219395 | Indo-European Languages | Ancient languages displaying Sanskrit, Old Persian, Greek and Latin. Modern descendants of these languages include Hindi, and other languages of northern India, Farsi and most European languages, excepting only a few. Because of the geographic regions where the tongues are found, scholars refer to them as Indo European languages. |  | 73 |
| 2822219396 | Indo-Migrations to the West | One wave of migration took Indo European speakers into Greece after 2000 BCE with their descendants moving into central Italy by 1000 BCE |  | 74 |
| 2822219401 | Menes | An Egyptian leader that united both upper and lower Egypt into one kingdom |  | 75 |
| 2822219403 | Migrations and Settlement in Palestine | Hebres migrated from Palestine to Egypt during the 18th century B.C.E. About 1300 B.C.E. this branch of the Hebrews departed under the leadership of Moses and went to Palestine. Organized into a loose federation of twelve tribes, these Hebrews, known as the Israelites, fought bitterlywith other inhabitants of Palestine and carved out a territory for themselves. |  | 76 |
| 2822219404 | Moses and Monotheism | Freud claimed that Moses was an Egyptian outsider who, for reasons of his own, led the Jews out of bondage and tried to organize them around a set of laws that would keep them out of trouble. |  | 77 |
| 2822219407 | Nubian Religious Beliefs | -The most prominant of nubian dieties was the lion god, apedemak and was often depicted with bows and arows. Another was sebiumeker who was the creator god. Nubian peoples did not mummify but they did build pyramids. | | 78 |
| 2822219410 | Phoenician Trade Networks | The Phoenicians influenced societies throughout the Mediterranean basin because of their maritime trade and communication networks. |  | 79 |
| 2822219413 | Relations between Egypt and Nubia | ..., -Egyptians were wary of strong Nubian kingdoms, but also desired gold, ivory, ebony, and precious stones available only in southern land.Nubia was conquered by Egypt circa 1500 B.C. and was incorporated into its provinces, helping to make up the "New Kingdom" of Egypt. Nubia would eventually rebel under Piye and rule Egypt in part or in whole during the 25th dynasty (760 B.C.-656 B.C.).Nubia's geography was different from Egypt because Nubia had tall cliffs of granite rock and there soil was rockier. -- Nubians language was different from Egyptians; |  | 80 |
| 2822219421 | Shipbuilding | By the first millennium BCE merchant ships had adapted to react to any possible enemy attack by placing iron on the front of the boats. By the second millennium BCE merchant ships were broad-beamed crafters, which enabled them to have a large cargo space. |  | 81 |
| 2822219422 | Slaves | Slaves came from 3 main sources: prisonersof war, convicted criminals and heavily indebted individuals who sold themselves into slavery in order to satisfy their obligations. Some slaves worked as agricultural laborers on the estatesof nobles ortemple communitiesm, but most were domestic servants in wealthy households. |  | 82 |
| 2822219433 | Sumerian KIng | ancient manuscript listing kings of sumer, from sumer and neighboring dynasties. includes reign lengths and locations of kinship. When cities arose assemblies yielded their power to individuals who possessed full authority during the period of emergency. These rulers gradually usurped the authority of the assemblies and established themselves as monarchs. |  | 83 |
| 2822219435 | Temple Communities | In Mesopotamia, each town and city was believed to be protected by its own, unique deity or god. The temple was the center of worship in every city. |  | 84 |
| 2822219436 | The Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom | -The Old Kingdom is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization - the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods, which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley (the others being Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom). |  | 85 |
| 2822219444 | The Early Hebrews | Earliest Hebrews were pastoral nomads who inhabited lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt during the second millennium., According to Hebrew scripture, Abraham migrated to northern Mesopotamia ca. 1850 BCE. |  | 86 |
| 2822219445 | The Early Jewish Community | The exiles who returned to Judea after the Babylonian conquest did not abandon hope for a state of thier own, and indeed they organized several small Jewish states as B.C.E. But the returnees also built a distinctive religious community basedon their conviction that they had a special relationship with Yahweh, their devotion to Yahweh's teachings as expressed in the Torah and their concern for justice and right eousness. |  | 87 |
| 2822219446 | The Early Phoenicians | North of the Israelites kingdom in Palestine the Phoenicians occupied a narrow coastal plain between the Mediterranean Sea and the Lebanon Mountains. They spoke a Semitic language referring to themselves as Canaanites and their land as Canaan. |  | 88 |
| 2822219447 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic poem from Mesopotamia,about a traveler and his quest for immortality. This poem is among the earliest surviving works of literature. |  | 89 |
| 2822219448 | The Hittites | The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who established an empire at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC. This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BC under Suppiluliuma I, when it encompassed an area that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. After c. 1180 BC, the empire came to an end during the Bronze Age collapse, splintering into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until the 8th century BC. |  | 90 |
| 2822219453 | The Hyksos | ..., The people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes. they had vertical looms, bronze, bows made of bone and wood, as well as horses and chariots also forced egyptians to pay them for protection |  | 91 |
| 2822219455 | The Lapita People | e. were the earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific Ocean. |  | 92 |
| 2822219457 | The Middle Kingdom | ..., The next kingdom after the Old Kingdom. It took power in 2055 B.C. Strong leadership was formed and trade by land and sea was opened up which allowed for much prosperity. Thebes became the capital. The Middle Kingdom fell around 1650 B.C to radiers from Syria called the Hyksos. https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5473/10695767566_6698cb2863_m.jpg |  | 93 |
| 2822219458 | The Nature Of Indo-European Migrations | The earliest Indo European society began to break up about 3000 BCE as migrants took their horses and other animals and made their way to new lands. These were not mass migrations so much as gradual and incremental processes that resulted in the spread of Indo European langauges and ethics communites as small groups of people established settlements in new lands which then became foundations for furtherexpansion. |  | 94 |
| 2822219459 | The New Kindom | Expansion period northward (Present day Israel) and east (as far as Euphrates) Nubia traded with Kush and punt. |  | 95 |
| 2822219460 | The Nile River Valley | The fertile land located on both sides of the Nile River in Africa; sight of one of the earliest civilizations. (Egypt) |  | 96 |
| 2822219471 | War Chariots | The Hitties improved the heavy Summerian chariot. They created a lighter chariot that was more maneuverable and speedy by using wheels with spokes in 200 BCE. |  | 97 |
| 2822219472 | Women's Roles | women were not considered equal to men. They had some rights but not all rights. They were not allowed a say in the government or assembly. |  | 98 |
| 2822219473 | Yangshao Society and Banpo Village | The Banpo was a neolithic village that was part of the Yangshao Society. |  | 99 |
