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| 10541164373 | Prehistoric world | No written language or records; world before history | 0 | |
| 10541164374 | Where did the earliest humans come from and why did they spread across the world from there? | East Africa; they spread due to their nomadic hunter-forager lifestyles | 1 | |
| 10541164375 | When was the Paleolithic Age? | 2,500,000 BC to 10,000 BC | 2 | |
| 10541164376 | Kinship | When a nuclear family (parents and children) met with other relatives to form a small group | 3 | |
| 10541164377 | Clan | Multiple kinship groups | 4 | |
| 10541164378 | Tribe | Multiple clans | 5 | |
| 10541164379 | Egalitarian | a society in which all people are relatively equal in importance for survival of the society; Paleolithic hunter-forager groups were egalitarian | 6 | |
| 10541164380 | Earliest written record of humans | Cave paintings in Lascaux, France of animals; paintings may have been religious | 7 | |
| 10541164381 | Animism | The earliest religion that believed spirits inhabit nature; polytheistic | 8 | |
| 10541164382 | Major accomplishments of the Paleolithic Age | Fire; language; division of labor (based on gender and still egalitarian) | 9 | |
| 10541164383 | When did the Neolithic Revolution occur? | The Neolithic revolution occurred at different times in different parts of the world (independent development) | 10 | |
| 10541164384 | Catul Huyuk | Earliest known Neolithic villages in present day Turkey; was along a river that has since dried up; walls were built around the village fro protection | 11 | |
| 10541164385 | Jericho | One of mankind's first cities on West Bank of Jordan river | 12 | |
| 10541164386 | When did specialization of labor begin? | Neolithic revolution | 13 | |
| 10541164387 | Pastoralists | People who remained nomadic after the Neolithic revolution and herded animals; they were the first to domesticate animals; they spread ideas with their travels | 14 | |
| 10541164388 | First animal to be domesticated | dog; they assisted in hunting, herding, and warning of dangers; after dogs were goats | 15 | |
| 10541164389 | Archaeologists | A person who learns about the human past by studing fossils and artifacts; they study bones and how they were buried as well | 16 | |
| 10541164390 | What do early skeletons found by archaeologists show signs of? | Religious ceremonies; some skeletons were buried with vessels, which leads archaeologists to believe that they believed in an afterlife (vessel supposedly helped with journey to the afterlife) | 17 | |
| 10541164391 | Consequences of Neolithic Revolution | Settled in villages and towns; trade; specialization of crafts (no longer egalitarian); fixed dwellings; domestication of animals | 18 | |
| 10541164392 | Bronze Age | the period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze; occurred at different times in different locations but generally around 3300-2300 BCE; bronze=tin+copper | 19 | |
| 10541164393 | Characteristic of early civilizations | Metal work (bronze); gender inequality (patriarchal society); urban focus; distinct religious structure; new political and military structures; social structure based on economic power; development of writing; significant artistic and intellectual stratification | 20 | |
| 10541164394 | first four river valley civilizations | Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates rivers in mostly present day Iraq); Egypt (Nile river valley); Indus River Valley (India); China (Yellow River, Shang dynasty) | 21 | |
| 10541164395 | Who were in charge of Mesopotamian city-states and why? | Priests, because they believed that all land belonged to the gods | 22 | |
| 10541164396 | Mesopotamia had several competing __________ | City-states | 23 | |
| 10541164397 | Sumer | World's first civilization; city-state in Mesopotamia | 24 | |
| 10541164398 | Sumerian Religion | Polytheistic and animistic; had anthropomorphic gods | 25 | |
| 10541164399 | Sumerian Government | Theocracy; military leaders were priests; military leaders/priests took over and were called kings and they land they ruled were called kingdoms | 26 | |
| 10541164400 | Which civilizations traded with each other and what did they each trade? | Egypt (gold); Mesopotamia (cloth,grain, and jewelry); and India (gems and cotton) | 27 | |
| 10541164401 | Cuneiform | wedge shaped writing developed by Sumerians; first writing form; done by scribes only | 28 | |
| 10541164402 | Scribes | people trained to write using the earliest forms of writing before literacy was widespread; wrote in cuneiform; each had their own seal, which were eventually used to write stories; only men were scribes | 29 | |
| 10541164403 | What is the oldest story and where is it from? | The Epics of Gilgamesh; Sumer; 2700 BCE | 30 | |
| 10541164404 | Ur | a city-state in Mesopotamia; had ziggurats | 31 | |
| 10541164405 | Who conquered Mesopotamia? | Sargon of Akkad;became the first ruler of an empire | 32 | |
| 10541164407 | When is an empire defeated? | When invaders capture its capital | 33 | |
| 10541164408 | Babylonia | Ancient Mesopotamian empire formed when Sargon of Akkadian conquered Masopotamia; Babylon was the capital; Hammurabi was the most important king and ruled from 1792-1750; Hammurabi's Code | 34 | |
| 10541164409 | Hammurabi's Code | a set of 282 laws that governed life in the Babylonian empire; created by King Hammurabi; very harsh laws but were considered fair by their terms; based on "an eye for an eye" principle; added structure and necessary rules for society | 35 | |
| 10541164410 | Babylonian Mathematics | Number system based on numbers 1-60; still remnants of it today (e.g. 60 seconds in a minute, etc.) | 36 | |
| 10541164411 | Nile River | Flows from south to north and empties into the Mediterranean Sea | 37 | |
| 10541164412 | Why did Egypt not have its first major invasion until after almost 1,300 years? | Because the civilization was protected on both sides by the vast deserts | 38 | |
| 10541164413 | Characteristic of civilizations | Writing systems; social distinctions; government; religion; cities; artistic expression | 39 | |
| 10541164414 | Shaduf | Ancient Egyptian irrigation system; Egyptians learned the pattern of the Nile's yearly overflow and used it to their advantage | 40 | |
| 10541164415 | What did the Ancient Egyptians drink regularly | Beer (because the water was dirty) | 41 | |
| 10541164416 | What were Egypt's 2 kingdoms called and where were they located? | Lower Egypt was located North where the river flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Upper Egypt was located South and upstream. | 42 | |
| 10541164417 | King Menes | Combined Lower and Upper Egypt into one empire; fused both kingdoms' crowns together and called it the Double Diadem | 43 | |
| 10541164418 | Memphis | Capital of Egyptian Empire created by King Menes | 44 | |
| 10541164419 | Why did the Egyptians have zoos? | To show their wealth and to provide entertainment | 45 | |
| 10541164420 | Old Kingdom Egypt | 3100-2200 BCE; Memphis was the capital; pyramids and the Great Sphinx were built to show off wealth; large gap existed between social classes | 46 | |
| 10541164421 | What did women wear during Egypt's Old Kingdom? | Wigs and perfume | 47 | |
| 10541164422 | Hieroglyphics | An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds; wrote on papyrus papers; wrote from top to bottom | 48 | |
| 10541164423 | Rosetta Stone | a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing. | 49 | |
| 10541164424 | Anthropomorphic | attributing human characteristics or qualities to objects or animals | 50 | |
| 10541164425 | Old Kingdom Egyptian social hierarchy (from bottom to top) | 1) farmers and laborers 2) artisans 3) scribes 4) district governors 4) royal overseers 5) priests 6) pharaohs | 51 | |
| 10541164426 | Egyptian Religion | Polytheistic and anthropomorphic; Osiris was the god of the underworld; Isis was the goddess of magic, marriage, and fertility; Anubis would weigh the dead person's heart against a feather and if it was lighter they would have an afterlife; priests would protect your Ka (soul-spirit) by mummifying your body; the dead travel on the "solar bark"; a boat for the journey was provided for dead pharaohs in their tombs; | 52 | |
| 10541651079 | Book of the Dead | Collection of religious spells which were thought to be helpful to the deceased in the afterlife. | 53 | |
| 10541651080 | Egyptian Final Judgement | Anubis would weigh the dead person's heart against a feather of Ma'at, the goddess of truth, order, and righteousness, and if it was heavier it would be devoured by Ammit, a demon with a crocodile head, and the person would die a second death and completely vanish from existence | 54 | |
| 10541651081 | Ankh | Egyptian symbol for the "Cross of Life" | 55 | |
| 10541651082 | Shabtis | Little sculptures of servants buried with pharaohs for the afterlife | 56 | |
| 10541651083 | Egyptian Middle Kingdom | 2200-1730 BCE; King Mentuhotep II took power and reunited Lower and Upper Egypt after it had again split at the end of the Old Kingdom. Pharaohs during this period had sculptures and artwork made of them to show them as caring and wise; art, religion, and literature had a rebirth during this time; many temples to the gods were created; a canal from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea was created | 57 | |
| 10541651084 | Hyksos | A pastoral nomadic group who defeated the Egyptian Middle Kingdom with their use of new horse drawn chariots; they occupied Egypt for a short period of time until the Egyptians used their technology to defeat them, beginning the New Kingdom | 58 | |
| 10541651085 | Egyptian New Kingdom | 1570-1100 BCE; time of territorial expansion; Thebes was the capital at this time; well known pharaohs include Hatshepsut (first woman pharaoh and wore beard to earn respect), Thutmosis III, Amenhotep IV, and Ramses II | 59 | |
| 10541651086 | Akhenaton | Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish a one-god religion based on the worship of a sun god called Aten, replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon of gods. He was possibly the first monotheist. This plan would have reduced the power of the priests. After his death, Egypt's old religion was restored and the priests became more powerful than ever | 60 | |
| 10541651087 | Reasons for the fall of the Egyptian Empire | Ineffective leaders; too much territory to defend; food shortages; government corruption; not enough money collected from taxes | 61 | |
| 10541651088 | Which groups occupied Egypt until after WWII? | Assyrians; Persians; Greeks; Romans; Byzantines; Islamic Empires; French | 62 | |
| 10541651089 | Egyptian contributions to civilization | architecture and engineering (pyramids), art (hieroglyphics, metallurgy, and jewelry), science (chemistry, classified properties of plants, solar calendar) | 63 | |
| 10541651090 | Hittite Empire | 1300 BCE in modern day Turkey; invented iron tools; Hittites were the most dominant army because of iron until the secret got out; Hattusa was the capital (Lion's Gate was located here) | 64 | |
| 10541651091 | Phoenicians | Cities: Byblos, Tyre, Sidon; Mediterranean traders (maritime trade); Carthage was the capital; created alphabet (we use it today) which was used in trade because of its simplicity; first to have currency; created purple dye (only for the wealthy) | 65 | |
| 10541651092 | Bireme | rowed ship or galley with two decks of oars; used by Phoenicians in their maritime trade | 66 | |
| 10541651093 | The Hebrews | MONOTHEISTIC! Abraham left Ur and settled in Canaan in approximately 2000 BCE; he then went to Egypt; a severe drought caused the Hebrews' migration to Egypt where they were enslaved for several centuries; the Hebrews, who later became known as the Israelites, were led out of Egypt by Moses in 1300 BCE and returned to Canaan. Over the following centuries the Israelites divided into 2 kingdoms which were both conquered (by Assyrians and Babylonians), and they were enslaved again which caused many to flee, leading to the Jewish Diaspora | 67 | |
| 10541651094 | Saul | First king of Israel; unified Jews/12 tribes | 68 | |
| 10541651095 | David | Second king of Israel; expands territory and makes Jerusalem the capital | 69 | |
| 10541651096 | Solomon | David's son; loses some territory and builds temple in Jerusalem | 70 | |
| 10541651097 | Assyrian Empire | In 722 BCE they overran the Kingdom of Israel; used iron weapons; used siege warfare; strategic fighting and psychological terror; manned people (cut off their body parts) then sent them to a village to tell them the Assyrians were coming to make the village immediately surrender; Nineveh was the capital; library of Nineveh had original Hammurabi code and original tablets of cuneiform | 71 | |
| 10541651098 | Assyrian government | Divided the empire into provinces; had military roads | 72 | |
| 10541651099 | Siege Warfare | surrounding a city or fort until they run out of supplies, then going in and raping and pillaging (taking everything); practiced by Assyrians | 73 | |
| 10541651100 | Ashurbanipal | An Assyrian king | 74 | |
| 10541651101 | Chaldeans | Semitic-speaking; capture a Babylon in 616 and Nineveh in 612; overthrew Assyrians; created 2nd Babylonian empire; Nebuchadnezzar builds Hanging Gardens of Babylon; forces Jews to migrate (diaspora); overthrown by Persians in 539 BCE | 75 | |
| 10541651102 | Persian Empire | Largest empire yet; considered a hyperempire (doing everything better and everyone else); syncretic empire (all parts are allowed to keep doing their thing but they must pay taxes and respect the king); most stable, literate, wealthy, tolerant, and sophisticated culture; Persia never collapses-it becomes Iran | 76 | |
| 10541651103 | Cyrus the Great | First king of the Persian Empire;a tolerant ruler; called "Law-Giver" by the Greeks; ended Babylonia captivity in 537 BCE; Cyrus Cylinder is considered the first chart of human rights | 77 | |
| 10541651104 | Darius the Great | 526-485 BCE; extended the Persian Empire to the Indus River; built a canal in Egypt; created capital of Persepolis (in present-day Iran) and divided conquered lands into provinces ruled by satraps who would be checked on by inspectors called "the eyes and ears of the king"; built the Royal Road (1500 miles long) with a courier service/ postal stations along the road; instituted a common currency; created Caravanserai (inns and markets for those traveling the Royal Road via camel caravan; built a royal palace in Persepolis | 78 | |
| 10541651105 | Zoroastrianism | 6th century BCE Persia; Monotheistic; created by Zarathustra (aka Zoroaster); believed in the fight between good and evil (duality); was the largest, most widespread religion (1 million followers) at one time; no missionaries or forced conversions | 79 | |
| 10543935366 | Which civilization did not trade with the others? | Shang Dynasty (China) | 80 |
