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AP World History: Unit 1 Review Flashcards

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7349366441When did the Hominid family develop?Roughly 5-6 million years ago0
7349367940What was so special about the Hominid family?They were bipedal1
7349371384Why was being bipedal important?We don't use our hands and we can see further (better hunter and gatherers)2
7349374906When did Homo erectus develop?1 million years ago3
7349376565What was special about Homo erectus?larger brains, opposable thumbs, first controlled use of fire, early handheld stone tools4
7349379824Why were opposable thumbs an advantage?Giv the ability to hold cylindrical objects and make a fist5
7349381716Why was fire important?light-more productive at night, heat-survive better during colder seasons, expand habitable area, cook food-lasts longer, higher caloric intake, increases life expectancy6
7349384094When did Homo sapiens develop?250,000 years ago7
7349386994What was special about Homo sapiens?Even larger brains, more complex tools, Larynx lower in the throat8
7349390325Why was the Larynx being lower in the throat important?allows for more complex speech9
7349392167Where did humans develop?Southeast Africa10
7349397399How much (in a percentage) did the Paleolithic era make up of human history?96%11
7349400263Describe the size and relations in the groups during the Paleolithic era?Small groups (15-25 people), based in kinship12
7349402882Why were groups small during the Paleolithic era?Lifestyle couldn't support large amounts of people13
7349405840What was an important result of Nomadism?difficulty storing and transporting goods, very little accumulation of wealth14
7349408410Describe the social aspects of the groups during the Paleolithic era?More egalitarian between genders, little to no social class based on wealth15
7349414482Most beliefs during the Paleolithic era are...?Most beliefs are shamanistic; earth spirits, Earth Mother, ancestor worship16
7349415873Most artwork during the Paleolithic era was...?Stone paintings and sculptures17
7349418773What are venus figures?stone figurines found all over the world that illustrated that women were viewed as highly spiritual18
7349423448Economic (Paleolithic Era)Early local exchange networks, very local (10's of miles), very little surplus good so trade in necessities, helped to diffuse technology19
7349425088Political (Paleolithic Era)No real political structure; leadership is fluid and based on skill, experience, health, physical prowess20
7349428449What happened during 90-80,000 years ago?Able to store and preserve food and water to cross Sahara and Arabian Deserts (fire, salt as preservative) Arrive in Middle East and North Africa21
7349430641What happened during 60,000 years ago?Arrive in East Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands First use of boating technology Cause large-scale extinction of large mammals in the region22
7349432992What happened during 50-45,000 years ago years ago?Migration into Europe, Northern Asia, Siberia Adapt to colder climates, hunting new animals species Neanderthals extinct within 10-15,000 years of Homo-sapien arrival23
7349437086What happened during 30-15,000 years ago years ago?Migration into Americas, the "Land Bridge" Filter south, evidence of human activity in Peru by 12,000 years ago Large scale extinction of large mammals throughout the Americas24
7349439340What happened during 20-15,000 years ago years ago?End of last Ice Age = warmer global climate, more water in the atmosphere and water cycle = explosion of plant and animal life worldwide Kinship groups begin to settle in permanent locations Allows for storage of surplus goods, wealth accumulation Exchange networks expand; cultural and technical diffusion at a more rapid rate25
7355935443When the agricultural revolution begin?Roughly 14-4,00026
7355946121What did the end of the Ice Age mean?Warmer climate = greater plant and animal abundance, HG begins to settle to take advantage27
7355957093What were the sickle, hoe, crude shovels, and plow used for?Harvesting wild plant species28
7355967662What did the humans do to unwanted species?Eradicate them with fire29
7355970948What helped to diffuse agriculture and other knowledge very slowly?Early exchange networks30
7355975630What did more efficient foraging lead to?population growth and eventually population strains31
7355980425What two things did we do to meet demand of population strains?Agriculture and domestication32
7355984780Was the agricultural revolution fast or slow?Slow, selective process (1000's of years)33
7355989250What was the major reason for us choosing agriculture?Population growth = food pressures, we need more from the existing land (intensification)34
7355991753What does agricultural intensification mean?Agricultural intensification can be technically defined as an increase in agricultural production per unit of inputs (which may be labour, land, time, fertilizer, seed, feed or cash)35
7355994607Domestication creates ____________; we depend on animals for food/labor, in return we must feed themcodependency36
7355998176What does a surplus of food allow for (relating to labor)?Specialization of labor37
7356002352What does the specialization of labor cause?explosion of art, language, merchants, culture, etc.38
7356006602What do agriculture societies do to hunter and gatherer ?Ag. societies multiply and displace, destroy, or absorb H/G societies or push them to less favorable environments39
7356009649What were the downsides of agriculture?massive environmental impact, most hunter and gatherer societies are eliminated, pandemic diseases, less diverse diet, still needed to be supplemented with foraging, shorter life, and more physical ailments due to intense labor, and erosion of social equality40
7356025776Where were pastoralists mostly located?areas where farming is unsuitable41
7409663176What made civilizations possible?Agriculture42
7409665441What was the cradle of Middle Eastern civilization?The city-states of Sumer in southern Mesopotamia43
7409668180Mesopotamia (Cultural)-Created writing (cuneiform) -Epic of Gilgamesh Ziggurats (monumental temples) -First priests had all the power because they could talk to to the gods -Gods are mean -People made too much noise so the gods flooded all of humanity44
7409671595Mesopotamia (Economic)-Early form of socialism (Farmers contributed their crops to public storehouses out which workers would be paid uniform wages in grain) -Created taxes -Proto-socialism was replaced by private enterprise (Could produce as much as they wanted as long as they gave taxes to the government)45
7409676343Mesopotamia (Interaction)-Between Tigris and Euphrates rivers -Lots of slave labor was needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates useful for irrigation -Rivers flood unpredictably and violently and were difficult to navigates -Area is either a drought or flood -Mesopotamia lacked metal, wood, and like everything else46
7409681027Mesopotamia (Political)-City-State of Uruk Walled city Extensive canal system -1,000 years later, palace forms (rivals ziggurats) -Responsibility or order was shifting from gods to people -Kings engaged in sacred marriage (making love with the high priestess of the city temple -Priests overtaken by kings who then declared themselves as priests -City state period of Mesopotamia ended around 2000 BCE -Probably because of shift of rivers leading to pastoral nomads taking over47
7409684617Mesopotamia (Social)-Writing = Elites -Written language played an important role in widening the gap between classes48
7409686027When did Mesopotamia develop?5,000 years ago49
7409686911How long did Ancient Egypt last?3000 BCE to 332 BCE50
7409687628What was the most influential of all the river civilizations?Egypt51
7409688848Egypt (Interaction)-Existed only along the Nile River -Regular, navigable, benign -One of the safest and richest agricultural areas -Summers = river would flood fields leaving behind nutrient rich silt for planting season -Planting was sooo easy there -Because it was navigable, you could get valuable resources from upstream -Nile is easily tamed52
7409690357Egypt (Economic)-Egyptians could used a simple form of water management called basin irrigation -Farmers used floodwaters to fill earthen basins and canals for irrigation -Egyptians could create big food surpluses with little work53
7409692103Egyptians (Cultural)-Egyptians were buried with things that were pleasurable and useful to them -Afterlife was seen as a continuation of this life54
7409695960What did specialization of labor lead to?Vast inequalities55
7409697622Describe the upper class.great wealth in land or salaries, were able to avoid physical labor, had the finest of everything, and occupied the top positions in political, military, and religious life. Frequently, they were distinguished by the clothing they wore, the houses they lived in, and the manner of their burial.56
7409697653Who were the majority?Commoners57
7409698723Surplus production supported who?The upper class58
7409699935Who were at the bottom of the social hierarchy?Slave59
7409701494What division of human society has had the greatest significance for the lives of individuals?Sex and gender60
7409702354Describe men during this time.Rulers, warriors, scholars, heads of households61
7409702899Describe women during this time.took place in home, defined by their relationship with their man, man could marry multiple and regulate the social sexual lives of their wives, daughters, and sisters62
7409707587What was the reason for ancient civilizations staying together even with so many tensions?States63
7409708995Who were states most useful to?The upper class64
7409712014Why was force not necessary when keeping authority>ideas spread that authority and inequality was ordained by gods65
7409719822What caused specialization of labor?Agriculture66
7409721321Writing (Political)Invention of writing supported state authority and the elite Was hard to control Can be threatening to rulers67

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