Key terms from "Ways of the World" chapters 2 through 3.
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| 4861249816 | end of the last Ice Age | coincided with the migration of Homo sapiens across the planet and created new conditions that made agriculture possible |  | 0 |
| 4861257542 | "broad spectrum diet" | make use of a large number of plants and to hunt and eat both small and large animals |  | 1 |
| 4861272388 | Fertile Crescent | Among the most favored areas—and the first to experience a full Agricultural Revolution an area sometimes known as Southwest Asia, consisting of present-day Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey |  | 2 |
| 4861285073 | teosinte | the ancestor of corn, a mountain grass looks nothing like what we now know as corn or maize |  | 3 |
| 4861304726 | diffusion | the gradual spread of agricultural techniques, and perhaps of the plants and animals themselves, but without the extensive movement of agricultural people |  | 4 |
| 4861313240 | Bantu migration | the migration of peoples speaking one or another of some 400 Bantu languages. Beginning from what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon around 3000 B.C.E., Bantu-speaking people moved east and south over the next several millennia, taking with them their agricultural, cattle-raising, and, later, ironworking skills, as well as their languages. |  | 5 |
| 4861327177 | peoples of Australia | The Agricultural Revolution in New Guinea, for example, did not spread much beyond its core region. In particular, it did not pass to the nearby __________, who remained steadfastly committed to gathering and hunting ways of life. |  | 6 |
| 4861334737 | Banpo | an ancient village near the present-day city of Xian explosion of technological innovation village-based farmers |  | 7 |
| 4861349143 | "secondary products revolution" | A further set of technological changes, beginning around 4000 B.C.E. These technological innovations involved new uses for domesticated animals,beyond their meat and hides. |  | 8 |
| 4861367005 | pastoral societies | Known as herders, pastoralists, or nomads, such people emerged in Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara, and in parts of eastern and southern Africa. What they had in common was mobility, for they moved seasonally as they followed the changing patterns of vegetation necessary as pasture for their animals. |  | 9 |
| 4861378768 | Çatalhüyük | a very early agricultural village in southern Turkey |  | 10 |
| 4861391053 | "stateless societies" | conducted their affairs without formal centralized states or full-time rulers, even when they were aware of these institutions and practices from nearby peoples |  | 11 |
| 4861411606 | chiefdoms | inherited positions of power and privilege introduced a more distinct element of inequality, but unlike later "kings," chiefs could seldom use force to compel the obedience of their subjects. Instead they relied on their generosity or gift giving, their ritual status, or their personal charisma to persuade their followers. |  | 12 |
| 4861521245 | Norte Chico/Caral | along the central coast of Peru from roughly 3000 B.C.E. to 1800 B.C.E. This desert region received very little rainfall, but it was punctuated by dozens of rivers that brought the snowmelt of the adjacent Andes Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. |  | 13 |
| 4861606934 | Indus Valley civilization | little indication of a political hierarchy or centralized state the local environmental impact was heavy and eventually undermined its ecological foundations |  | 14 |
| 4883541604 | Olmec civilization | Mesoamerica erected enormous human heads, more than ten feet tall and weighing at least twenty tons, carved from blocks of basalt and probably representing particular rulers "mother civilization" of Mesoamerica |  | 15 |
| 4883576858 | Uruk | ancient Mesopotamia's largest city walls more than twenty feet tall and a population around 50,000 in the third millennium B.C. |  | 16 |
| 4883589512 | Mohenjo Daro/Harappa | largest city of the Indus Valley civilization large, richly built houses of two or three stories, complete with indoor plumbing, luxurious bathrooms, and private wells Streets were laid out in a gridlike pattern, and beneath the streets ran a complex sewage system Citadel |  | 17 |
| 4883610883 | Code of Hammurabi | In Mesopotamia, how punishments were prescribed depended on social status |  | 18 |
| 4883618378 | patriarchy | the institutions and values of male dominance |  | 19 |
| 4883674446 | rise of the state | Organized around particular cities or larger territories, early states were headed almost everywhere by kings, who employed a variety of ranked officials, exercised a measure of control over society, and defended the state against external enemies |  | 20 |
| 4883683335 | Epic of Gilgamesh | Mesopotamian pessimistic view of the gods and of the possibility for eternal life |  | 21 |
| 4883697699 | Egypt: "the gift of the Nile" | At the heart of Egyptian life depended on to sustain a productive agriculture in otherwise arid land the general regularity and relative gentleness of annual flooding |  | 22 |
| 4883724591 | Nubia | south along the Nile long and often contentious relationship with Egypt traded with Egypt By the fourteenth century B.C.E. part of an Egyptian empire developing its own alphabetic script, retaining many of its own gods, developing a major ironworking industry by 500 B.C.E |  | 23 |
| 4883751645 | Hyksos | pastoral group with chariots invaded Egypt and ruled it for more than a century (1650-1535 B.C.E.) shattered the sense of security that this Nile Valley civilization had long enjoyed stimulated the normally complacent Egyptians to adopt a number of technologies pioneered earlier in Asia |  | 24 |
