Terms : Hide Images
| 2359733125 | Civilization | An ambiguous term often used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits. | 0 | |
| 2359733126 | Culture | Socially transmitted patterns of action and expression. Material culture refers to physical objects. It also includes arts, beliefs, technology, etc. | 1 | |
| 2359734207 | Stone Age | The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. | 2 | |
| 2359734895 | Paleolithic | The period of the Stone Age generally associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. | 3 | |
| 2359734896 | Neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period. | 4 | |
| 2359736288 | Foragers | People who support themselves by hunting will animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects. | 5 | |
| 2359736289 | Agricultural Revolutions | The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 BCE. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. | 6 | |
| 2359737191 | Megaliths | Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposed in Neolithic times. | 7 | |
| 2359737192 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium BCE. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture, such as irrigation, cuneiform, and religious conceptions, taken over by their Semitic ancestors. | 8 | |
| 2359737193 | Semitic | Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. | 9 | |
| 2359738141 | City-State | A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. | 10 | |
| 2359738142 | Babylon | The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century BCE and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century BCE. | 11 | |
| 2359739373 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon. He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. | 12 | |
| 2359741540 | Scribe | In the governments of many ancient societies, a professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiforms, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems. | 13 | |
| 2359741541 | Ziggurat | A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. | 14 | |
| 2359742525 | Amulet | Small charm mean to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people. | 15 | |
| 2359742526 | Cuneiform | A system of writing in which wedge shaped symbols represented words or syllables. Originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was used to represent other western Asian languages. | 16 | |
| 2359745282 | Bronze | An alloy of copper with a small amount of tin, it is harder and more durable than copper alone. The term "Bronze Age" is applied to the era when bronze was the primary metal for tools and weapons. The demand for bronze helped create long-distance networks of trade. | 17 | |
| 2359745283 | Pharaoh | The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety/prosperity of Egypt. | 18 | |
| 2359746123 | Ma'at | Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintain order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthy guarantor of this order. | 19 | |
| 2359746124 | Pyramid | A large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the king. The largest kingdoms near Memphis reflect the Egyptian belief that the proper and spectacular burial of the divine ruler would guarantee the coined prosperity of the land. | 20 | |
| 2359746125 | Memphis | Capital of the Old Kingdom Egypt near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. | 21 | |
| 2359747151 | Thebes | Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of Kings. | 22 | |
| 2359747152 | Hieroglyphics | A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. It was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. | 23 | |
| 2359747937 | Papyrus | A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paper like writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. | 24 | |
| 2359747938 | Mummy | A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife. | 25 | |
| 2359940745 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium BCE. | 26 | |
| 2359943087 | Mohenjo-Daro | Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. | 27 | |
| 2359979841 | Loess | A fine, light, silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. | 28 | |
| 2359991864 | Shang | The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records. | 29 | |
| 2359993581 | Zhou | The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept for the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. | 30 | |
| 2359996921 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by Zhou, accordion to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if he failed to conduct himself justly and in the best interests of his subjects. | 31 | |
| 2360013220 | Confucius | Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi. His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. | 32 | |
| 2360019260 | Daoism | Chinese school of thought, originating in the Warring States Period with Laozi. It offered an alternative to the Confucian emphasis on hierarchy and duty. | 33 | |
| 2360022221 | Yin and Yang | In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium in the world. Yang is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while Yin in feminine, dark, and passive qualities. | 34 | |
| 2360040954 | Kush | An Egyptian name for Nubia, the region alongside the Nile River south of Egypt, where an indigenous kingdom with its own distinctive institutions and cultural traditions arose beginning in the early second millennium BCE. | 35 | |
| 2360049156 | Meroe | Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century BCE to the fourth century CE. | 36 | |
| 2360056052 | Celts | Peoples sharing common linguistic and cultural features that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium BCE. | 37 | |
| 2360058566 | Druids | The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. | 38 | |
| 2360061048 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization (central Mexico). | 39 | |
| 2360063936 | Chavin | The first major urban civilization in South America. | 40 | |
| 2360065558 | Llama | A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of burden in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans. | 41 | |
| 2360068177 | Iron Age | Historians' term for the period during which iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons. The advent of iron technology began at different times in different parts of the world. | 42 | |
| 2360129900 | Hittites | A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. They vied with New Kingdom-Egypt fir control of Syria-Palestine before falling to unidentified attackers. | 43 | |
| 2360133642 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt. She dispatched a naval expedition to Punt. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as a ruler, and after her death her names and image were frequently framed. | 44 | |
| 2360139133 | Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh. He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. | 45 | |
| 2360146366 | Ramesses II | A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom-Egypt who reached an accommodation with Hittites after a standoff in battle. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. | 46 | |
| 2360151296 | Minoan | Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island if Crete in the second millennium BCE. They engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. | 47 | |
| 2360155088 | Mycenae | Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. | 48 | |
| 2360159910 | Shaft Graves | A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium BCE. At the bottom of the deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, weapons, and masks. | 49 | |
| 2360165772 | Linear B | A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. It was used primarily for palace records. | 50 | |
| 2360168709 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians between the seventh and tenth centuries BCE. They used force and terror tactics. | 51 | |
| 2360174080 | Mass Deportation | The forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations. They were practiced by the Assyrian/Persian Empires and meant as a warning of the consequences of rebellion. | 52 | |
| 2360178031 | Library of Ashurbanipal | A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It is one of the most important sources of present-day knowledge of the long literary tradition of Mesopotamia. | 53 | |
| 2360182613 | Israel | In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium BCE. The modern state was founded in 1948. | 54 | |
| 2360186422 | Hebrew Bible | A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. | 55 | |
| 2360189425 | First Temple | A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century BCE to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. | 56 | |
| 2360194141 | Monotheism | Belief in the existence of a single divine entity. | 57 | |
| 2360195181 | Diaspora | Greek word meaning "dispersal," used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland (Ex. Jews spread from Israel to Asia/Mediterranean). | 58 | |
| 2360200331 | Phoenicians | Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium BCE. (Widespread commerce, founded Carthage, alphabet). | 59 | |
| 2360248751 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 8000 BCE. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century BCE. | 60 | |
| 2360252444 | Neo-Babylonian Kingdom | Under the Chaldeans, Babylon again became a major political and cultural center in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. After participating in the destruction of Assyrian power, the monarchs Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar took over the southern portion of the Assyrian domains. | 61 |
