Mr Treat's class!
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| 97698628 | agricultural village | small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Started 10,000 years ago | 0 | |
| 97698629 | Mesopotamia/ Fertile Crescent | first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means "land between the rivers;" Sumerian culture | 1 | |
| 97698630 | Sumer | An ancient region of southern Mesopotamia which rose around 3300 B.C. The first empire that ruled in Mesopotamia and is credited with inventing writing | 2 | |
| 97698631 | Sargon of Akkad | A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire | 3 | |
| 97698632 | Gilgamesh | the epic story of the king, Gilgamesh, who searched for immortality/ a Sumerian legend | 4 | |
| 97698633 | ziggurat | a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians | 5 | |
| 98942576 | pictograms | the earliest forms of writing in which pictures represent words or ideas | 6 | |
| 98942577 | cuneiform | Sumerian writing made by pressing a wedge-shaped tool into clay tablets | 7 | |
| 98942578 | ideograms | pictures that symbolize an idea or action | 8 | |
| 98942579 | Code of Hammurabi | set of laws that dealt with business practices, property ownership, medical practice, marrige, and childcare | 9 | |
| 98942580 | Shang dynasty | Dynasty in china that established the mandate of heaven | 10 | |
| 98942581 | ma'at | Principle of truth, morality, justice, and order | 11 | |
| 98942582 | pyramid | Huge, triangular shaped burial tombs of Egyptian pharaohs built during the Old Kingdom | 12 | |
| 98942583 | Old Kingdom | the age of pyramids. when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization complexity and achievement | 13 | |
| 99789562 | middle kingdom | no more pyramids, pharoh had less power, & they traded with outside countries | 14 | |
| 99789563 | Aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system | 15 | |
| 99789564 | caste system | a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity | 16 | |
| 99789565 | Babylonians | an ancient empire of Mesopotamia in the Euphrates River valley. It flourished under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II but declined after 562 B.C. and fell to the Persians in 539 | 17 | |
| 99789566 | Hittites | Indo-Europeans who settled in highlands of Anatolia in 2000 BC, first Indo-Europeans to make use of iron | 18 | |
| 99789567 | Zhou Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Daoism | 19 | |
| 99789568 | oracle bones | one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods | 20 | |
| 99789569 | Sage Kings | Legendary rulers of China c. 2800-c. 2200. Of the three sovereigns and five emperors based in the Huang He (Yellow River) region, Huang-tu (reigned c. 2697 BC) is credited with defeating the barbarians | 21 | |
| 99789570 | Anyang | the ancient Chinese capital of the Shang Dynasty; changed constantly | 22 | |
| 99789571 | Mandate of Heaven | Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China | 23 | |
| 99789572 | Nubia | an ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile | 24 | |
| 99789573 | Olmecs | (1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization, lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups. Famous for giant stone heads | 25 | |
| 99789574 | Teotihuacan | A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B.C.-750 A.D.). It's population was 150,000 in its peak in 600 CE; largest city in the Americas; remembered for giant Pyramid of the Sun | 26 | |
| 99789575 | Maya | ancient people of the Yucatan peninsula who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture, pottery and astronomy | 27 | |
| 99789576 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples | 28 | |
| 99789577 | Chimu | Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465 | 29 | |
| 99789578 | Chavin | the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C. | 30 | |
| 99789579 | Nok Culture | earliest known West African culture; consisted of farmers, first to smelt iron weapons and tools; traded; Settled in Jenne-Jenno near Niger river, also located on important trade routes | 31 | |
| 99789580 | Zapotecs | Civilization that flourished in southern Mexico's Oaxaca Valley (c. 500 B.C.E. to C.E. 600) | 32 | |
| 99789581 | hegemony | the consistent dominance of one state or ideology over others | 33 | |
| 99789582 | republic | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 34 | |
| 99789583 | oligarch | one of several people who rule a country or empire together, sharing the power | 35 | |
| 99789584 | Indo-European | People from around the the Black Sea and the Caspian sea; Between 2500 and 2000 BC, they migrated all over Eurasia; known as Hittites or Aryans, became ancestors of Romans and Greeks | 36 | |
| 99789585 | Assyrians | known as a warrior people who ruthlessly conquered neighboring countries; their empire stretched from east to north of the Tigris River all the way to centeral Egypt; used ladders, weapons like iron-tipped spears, daggers and swords, tunnels, and fearful military tactics to gain strength in their empire | 37 | |
| 99789586 | Hatshepsut | Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.); expanded Egypt throught trade; adopted all pharaonic customs, including wearing the false beard | 38 | |
| 99789587 | truimvirate | In ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government | 39 | |
| 99789588 | Julius Caesar | 58 BC became governor and military commander of the Roman province of Gaul; part of the first Triumvirate; first emperor of Rome | 40 | |
| 99789589 | satrapy | the twenty provinces that Darius divided the empire into; each province was ruled by a governor | 41 | |
| 99789590 | Zoroastrianism | system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster; cosmic struggle over good and bad; influenced by Judaism and Christianity | 42 | |
| 99789591 | Minoans | earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C. | 43 | |
| 99911833 | Mycenaeans | an Indo-European people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; conquered the Minoans in Crete in about 1400 B.C. | 44 | |
| 99911834 | polis | A city-state in ancient Greece | 45 | |
| 99911835 | dominance | the state that exists when one person or group has power over another | 46 | |
| 99911836 | Athens | the capital and largest city of Greece | 47 | |
| 99911837 | democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them; put into place by the Athenians of Greece | 48 | |
| 99911838 | Solon | Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt; citizens gained more power | 49 | |
| 99911839 | hoplite | a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece; moved around in groups called phalanxes | 50 | |
| 99911840 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta; 431-404 BC | 51 | |
| 99911841 | Alexander the Great | successor of Philip of Macedon; 1st global empire, but no lasting bureaucracy; spread of Hellenism was his greatest achievement | 52 | |
| 99911842 | Hellenistic | a word meaning to "imitate Greeks"; Greek-speaking civilization which spread through many lands of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond following the conquests of Alexander the Great | 53 | |
| 99911843 | Cyrus the Great | managed to reunite Persian Empire into a powerful kingdom; began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world | 54 | |
| 99911844 | Hyskos | the people who invaded Egypt thus beginning the second Intermediate period during which the Hyksos ( a word meaning "foreigner) ruled as pharaohs in Lower Egypt and exacted tribute from the royal families in Thebes; 1640 to 1570 B.C. | 55 | |
| 99911845 | New Kingdom | the period of ancient Egyptian history that followed the overthrow of the Hyksos rulers, lasting from about1570 to 1075 B.C.; the time period when they reached their apex | 56 | |
| 99911846 | Akhenaten | early ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with sun worship (died in 1358 BC); monotheism | 57 | |
| 99911847 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180 | 58 | |
| 99911848 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean | 59 | |
| 99911849 | plebian | an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman republic | 60 | |
| 99911850 | paterfamilias | male dominance in the family | 61 | |
| 99911851 | Octavian Augustus | Caesar's nephew, physically weak/nerdy; after beating Cleopatra and Antony he became 1st emperor of Rome | 62 | |
| 99911852 | Mark Antony | Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide | 63 | |
| 99911853 | Cleoparta VII | Ruler of egypt 51-30BC, mistress of Caesar, mother of Caesarion (Ptolemy XV). After Cesar's asassination, Cleopatra became the mistress of the Roman general Marc Antony | 64 | |
| 99911854 | Battle of Actium | battle between Marcus Antony and Octavian for control of the empire. Octavian won in 31 B.C. | 65 | |
| 99911855 | stoicism | Human reason is the source of virtue, perfection, and happiness | 66 | |
| 99911856 | Constatine | Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion | 67 | |
| 99911857 | Edict of Milan | a ruling by Constantine that allowed Christians to openly practice their faith in the Roman empire | 68 | |
| 99911858 | oligarchy | a system of government in which a small group holds power | 69 | |
| 99911859 | Warring States Period | the period from 5th century BC to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC when regional warlords battled amongst each other and there was no ruler | 70 | |
| 99911860 | Legalism | Strict, literal adherence to the law or to a particular code, as of religion or morality | 71 | |
| 99911861 | Daoism (Taoism) | philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural event | 72 | |
| 99911862 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization | 73 | |
| 99911863 | Lui Bang | helped overthrow Qin dynasty, 1st emperor of the Han dynasty, was born a peasant and worked way up to emperor | 74 | |
| 99911864 | Wudi | ruled the chinese empire from 140-86 b.c; brought the han dynasty to its peak; expanded the chinese empire; made confusionism the state religion | 75 | |
| 99911865 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in China promising a Golden Age to be brought by divine magic | 76 | |
| 99911866 | Qin Dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 77 | |
| 99911867 | Qin Shi Huangdi | Qin ruler; wanted to unify china; known for his book burning; not popular, scholars and poor people hated him; built great wall to protect China | 78 | |
| 99911868 | Confucius | philosopher who taught that people are good, should be tolerant of others and respect the elderly | 79 |
